Signal reflectionIn telecommunications, signal reflection occurs when a signal is transmitted along a transmission medium, such as a copper cable or an optical fiber. Some of the signal power may be reflected back to its origin rather than being carried all the way along the cable to the far end. This happens because imperfections in the cable cause impedance mismatches and non-linear changes in the cable characteristics. These abrupt changes in characteristics cause some of the transmitted signal to be reflected.
Microscope à force atomiquethumb|350px|Le premier microscope à force atomique du monde, au musée de la Science de Londres. Le microscope à force atomique (AFM pour atomic force microscope) est un type de microscope à sonde locale permettant de visualiser la topographie de la surface d'un échantillon. Inventé en 1985, par Gerd Binnig, Calvin Quate et Christoph Gerber, ce type de microscopie repose essentiellement sur l'analyse d'un objet point par point au moyen d'un balayage via une sonde locale, assimilable à une pointe effilée.
Optical disc authoringOptical disc authoring, including CD, DVD, and Blu-ray Disc authoring, is the process of assembling source material—video, audio or other data—into the proper logical volume format to then be recorded ("burned") onto an optical disc (typically a compact disc or DVD). This act is usually done illegally, by pirating copyrighted material without permission from the original artists. To burn an optical disc, one usually first creates an with a full , of a type designed for the optical disc, in temporary storage such as a file in another file system on a disk drive.
Histoire du verreL’histoire du verre remonte à la Préhistoire : il y a environ , l'obsidienne, un verre volcanique naturel, est déjà taillée par l'homme pour former des pointes de flèches ; les tectites, billes de verre formées par des impacts avec des météorites, servent également de bijoux ; enfin, les fulgurites, petits tubes issus de la fusion du sable atteint par un éclair, sont connus. Le verre est un corps dur, fragile, non cristallin, qui provient du refroidissement rapide de certaines substances après fusion.
Calculation of glass propertiesThe calculation of glass properties (glass modeling) is used to predict glass properties of interest or glass behavior under certain conditions (e.g., during production) without experimental investigation, based on past data and experience, with the intention to save time, material, financial, and environmental resources, or to gain scientific insight. It was first practised at the end of the 19th century by A. Winkelmann and O. Schott. The combination of several glass models together with other relevant functions can be used for optimization and six sigma procedures.
