Atmospheric modelIn atmospheric science, an atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive, dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion.
Model aircraftA model aircraft is a small unmanned aircraft. Many are replicas of real aircraft. Model aircraft are divided into two basic groups: flying and non-flying. Non-flying models are also termed static, display, or shelf models. Aircraft manufacturers and researchers make wind tunnel models for testing aerodynamic properties, for basic research, or for the development of new designs. Sometimes only part of the aircraft is modelled.
Observational studyIn fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints. One common observational study is about the possible effect of a treatment on subjects, where the assignment of subjects into a treated group versus a control group is outside the control of the investigator.
ChirurgieLa chirurgie (du grec , formé à partir de , signifiant « main », et de , « travail ») est la partie de la thérapeutique qui implique des opérations internes ou des manœuvres externes sur les tissus, notamment par incision et suture. Un chirurgien est un professionnel de la santé habilité à pratiquer la chirurgie (médecin spécialiste, chirurgien-dentiste, vétérinaire). Un acte médical pratiqué par un chirurgien est une opération chirurgicale.
In vitrola (en latin : « sous verre ») s'applique à toute activité expérimentale réalisée sur micro-organismes, organes ou cellules en dehors de leur contexte naturel (en dehors de l'environnement, de l'organisme vivant ou de la cellule) et en conditions définies et contrôlées. Un exemple est la fécondation in vitro (FIV). Le terme « in vitro » provient du latin qui signifie « sous verre ». Il est à mettre en association avec les termes « in vivo » et « in silico ».
Perioperative mortalityPerioperative mortality has been defined as any death, regardless of cause, occurring within 30 days after surgery in or out of the hospital. Globally, 4.2 million people are estimated to die within 30 days of surgery each year. An important consideration in the decision to perform any surgical procedure is to weigh the benefits against the risks. Anesthesiologists and surgeons employ various methods in assessing whether a patient is in optimal condition from a medical standpoint prior to undertaking surgery, and various statistical tools are available.
MaquetteUne maquette est une représentation partielle ou complète d'un système ou d'un objet (existant ou en projet) afin d'en tester et valider certains aspects et/ou le comportement (maquette fonctionnelle), ou simplement à des fins ludiques (maquette de jeu) ou informatives (présentation pédagogique ou commerciale d'une réalisation ou d'un projet). La maquette peut être réalisée en deux ou trois dimensions, à une échelle donnée, le plus souvent réduite ou agrandie pour en faciliter la visualisation ou la manipulation.
Five-bar linkageIn kinematics, a five-bar linkage is a mechanism with two degrees of freedom that is constructed from five links that are connected together in a closed chain. All links are connected to each other by five joints in series forming a loop. One of the links is the ground or base. This configuration is also called a pantograph, however, it is not to be confused with the parallelogram-copying linkage pantograph. The linkage can be a one-degree-of-freedom mechanism if two gears are attached to two links and are meshed together, forming a geared five-bar mechanism.
Conceptual modelA conceptual model is a representation of a system. It consists of concepts used to help people know, understand, or simulate a subject the model represents. In contrast, a physical model focuses on a physical object such as a toy model that may be assembled and made to work like the object it represents. The term may refer to models that are formed after a conceptualization or generalization process. Conceptual models are often abstractions of things in the real world, whether physical or social.
