Recristallisation (métallurgie)En science des matériaux, le terme recristallisation désigne une réorganisation de la structure cristalline qui a lieu à l'état solide. Elle est précédée par la restauration. La déformation plastique d'un matériau s'accompagne de la création de dislocations (mécanisme de Frank et Read). Ces dislocations représentent un « stock d'énergie élastique ». Lorsque la température est suffisante, les dislocations deviennent spontanément mobiles et provoquent une réorganisation de la structure cristalline, en deux étapes : restauration puis recristallisation.
Joint de grainsUn joint de grains est l'interface entre deux cristaux de même structure cristalline et de même composition, mais d’orientation différente. vignette|Microstructure de VT22 () après trempe. L'échelle est en micromètres. vignette|Schéma d'un joint de grain, dont les atomes communs à deux cristaux (orange et bleu) sont représentés en vert. Les joints de grains peuvent se former dans deux cas de figure : lors de la solidification du matériau et par recristallisation, durant certains traitements thermomécaniques.
Stress–strain curveIn engineering and materials science, a stress–strain curve for a material gives the relationship between stress and strain. It is obtained by gradually applying load to a test coupon and measuring the deformation, from which the stress and strain can be determined (see tensile testing). These curves reveal many of the properties of a material, such as the Young's modulus, the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength. Generally speaking, curves representing the relationship between stress and strain in any form of deformation can be regarded as stress–strain curves.
Deformation (engineering)In engineering, deformation refers to the change in size or shape of an object. Displacements are the absolute change in position of a point on the object. Deflection is the relative change in external displacements on an object. Strain is the relative internal change in shape of an infinitesimally small cube of material and can be expressed as a non-dimensional change in length or angle of distortion of the cube. Strains are related to the forces acting on the cube, which are known as stress, by a stress-strain curve.
Grain growthIn materials science, grain growth is the increase in size of grains (crystallites) in a material at high temperature. This occurs when recovery and recrystallisation are complete and further reduction in the internal energy can only be achieved by reducing the total area of grain boundary. The term is commonly used in metallurgy but is also used in reference to ceramics and minerals. The behaviors of grain growth is analogous to the coarsening behaviors of grains, which implied that both of grain growth and coarsening may be dominated by the same physical mechanism.
Abnormal grain growthAbnormal or discontinuous grain growth, also referred to as exaggerated or secondary recrystallisation grain growth, is a grain growth phenomenon through which certain energetically favorable grains (crystallites) grow rapidly in a matrix of finer grains resulting in a bimodal grain size distribution. In ceramic materials this phenomenon can result in the formation of elongated prismatic, acicular (needle-like) grains in a densified matrix with implications for improved fracture toughness through the impedance of crack propagation.
FluageLe fluage est le phénomène physique qui provoque la déformation irréversible différée (c'est-à-dire non instantanée) d’un matériau soumis à une contrainte constante (notée ), même inférieure à la limite d'élasticité du matériau, pendant une durée suffisante. Le fluage ainsi que la relaxation de contrainte sont deux méthodes en quasi statique de caractérisation des matériaux visqueux (cas du béton). vignette|100px|Essai de fluage à chaud.
Stress–strain analysisStress–strain analysis (or stress analysis) is an engineering discipline that uses many methods to determine the stresses and strains in materials and structures subjected to forces. In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other, while strain is the measure of the deformation of the material. In simple terms we can define stress as the force of resistance per unit area, offered by a body against deformation.
Loi de Hall-PetchIn materials science, grain-boundary strengthening (or Hall–Petch strengthening) is a method of strengthening materials by changing their average crystallite (grain) size. It is based on the observation that grain boundaries are insurmountable borders for dislocations and that the number of dislocations within a grain has an effect on how stress builds up in the adjacent grain, which will eventually activate dislocation sources and thus enabling deformation in the neighbouring grain as well.
Déformation d'un matériauLa déformation des matériaux est une science qui caractérise la manière dont réagit un matériau donné quand il est soumis à des sollicitations mécaniques. Cette notion est primordiale dans la conception (aptitude de la pièce à réaliser sa fonction), la fabrication (mise en forme de la pièce), et le dimensionnement mécanique (calcul de la marge de sécurité d'un dispositif pour éviter une rupture). La capacité d'une pièce à se déformer et à résister aux efforts dépend de trois paramètres : la forme de la pièce ; la nature du matériau ; des processus de fabrication : traitement thermique , traitement de surface, etc.
