Chimie macromoléculairePolymer chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that focuses on the structures of chemicals, chemical synthesis, and chemical and physical properties of polymers and macromolecules. The principles and methods used within polymer chemistry are also applicable through a wide range of other chemistry sub-disciplines like organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, and physical chemistry. Many materials have polymeric structures, from fully inorganic metals and ceramics to DNA and other biological molecules.
Patch-sequencingPatch-sequencing (patch-seq) is a method designed for tackling specific problems involved in characterizing neurons. As neural tissues are one of the most transcriptomically diverse populations of cells, classifying neurons into cell types in order to understand the circuits they form is a major challenge for neuroscientists. Combining classical classification methods with single cell RNA-sequencing post-hoc has proved to be difficult and slow.
Polythiophènethumb|Unité de répétition monomère de polythiophène non substitué. Les étoiles indiquent les groupes de terminaison de la chaîne polymère. thumb|Les polythiophènes montrent des propriétés optiques résultant de leur structure conjuguée, comme le démontre la fluorescence d'une solution de polythiophène substitué sous irradiation UV. Les polythiophènes (PT) constituent une famille de polymères (macromolécules) résultant de la réaction de polymérisation du thiophène, un hétérocycle sulfuré, qui peut devenir conducteur lorsque des électrons sont ajoutés ou enlevés des orbitales p conjuguées par dopage.
RepolarizationIn neuroscience, repolarization refers to the change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value just after the depolarization phase of an action potential which has changed the membrane potential to a positive value. The repolarization phase usually returns the membrane potential back to the resting membrane potential. The efflux of potassium (K+) ions results in the falling phase of an action potential. The ions pass through the selectivity filter of the K+ channel pore.
Hodgkin cycleIn membrane biology, the Hodgkin cycle is a key component of membrane physiology that describes bioelectrical impulses, especially prevalent in neural and muscle tissues. It was identified by British physiologist and biophysicist Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin. The Hodgkin cycle represents a positive feedback loop in which an initial membrane depolarization leads to uncontrolled deflection of the membrane potential to near VNa. The initial depolarization must reach or surpass a certain threshold in order to activate voltage-gated Na+ channels.
Pompe sodium-potassiumLa pompe sodium-potassium ou Na+-K+ ATPase est une protéine transmembranaire hétérotétramère dont l'activité enzymatique utilise l'énergie issue de la dégradation de l'ATP en ADP et phosphate inorganique pour transporter des ions potassium et sodium contre leur gradient de concentration. Elle joue un rôle dans le maintien du potentiel de repos des cellules nerveuses, musculaires et cardiaques. Cette pompe électrogénique permet d'échanger les ions sodium (Na+) issus du milieu intracellulaire avec les ions potassium (K+) issus du milieu extracellulaire dans un rapport précis (3 Na+/2 K+).
Phase precessionPhase precession is a neurophysiological process in which the time of firing of action potentials by individual neurons occurs progressively earlier in relation to the phase of the local field potential oscillation with each successive cycle. In place cells, a type of neuron found in the hippocampal region of the brain, phase precession is believed to play a major role in the neural coding of information.
