Field-reversed configurationA field-reversed configuration (FRC) is a type of plasma device studied as a means of producing nuclear fusion. It confines a plasma on closed magnetic field lines without a central penetration. In an FRC, the plasma has the form of a self-stable torus, similar to a smoke ring. FRCs are closely related to another self-stable magnetic confinement fusion device, the spheromak. Both are considered part of the compact toroid class of fusion devices.
Ion sourceAn ion source is a device that creates atomic and molecular ions. Ion sources are used to form ions for mass spectrometers, optical emission spectrometers, particle accelerators, ion implanters and ion engines. Electron ionization Electron ionization is widely used in mass spectrometry, particularly for organic molecules. The gas phase reaction producing electron ionization is M{} + e^- -> M^{+\bullet}{} + 2e^- where M is the atom or molecule being ionized, e^- is the electron, and M^{+\bullet} is the resulting ion.
Upper classUpper class in modern societies is the social class composed of people who hold the highest social status, usually are the wealthiest members of class society, and wield the greatest political power. According to this view, the upper class is generally distinguished by immense wealth which is passed on from generation to generation. Prior to the 20th century, the emphasis was on aristocracy, which emphasized generations of inherited noble status, not just recent wealth.
Classe moyenne supérieureLa classe moyenne supérieure est une classe sociale qui regroupe les individus de la classe moyenne dont le niveau de richesse est le plus élevé. Ce dernier est en effet supérieur à celui de la classe moyenne inférieure mais demeure inférieur à celui de la classe dirigeante (soit, en France, « les 1 % » de la population, dont le revenu mensuel minimum en 2018 – avant impôt et prestations sociales – s'élève à pour une personne seule et à pour un couple avec deux enfants de moins de quatorze ans et qui dispose d'un patrimoine minimum net – une fois l'endettement déduit – de d'euros).
