Hardware virtualizationHardware virtualization is the virtualization of computers as complete hardware platforms, certain logical abstractions of their componentry, or only the functionality required to run various operating systems. Virtualization hides the physical characteristics of a computing platform from the users, presenting instead an abstract computing platform. At its origins, the software that controlled virtualization was called a "control program", but the terms "hypervisor" or "virtual machine monitor" became preferred over time.
Retouche numériqueImage editing encompasses the processes of altering s, whether they are digital photographs, traditional photo-chemical photographs, or illustrations. Traditional analog image editing is known as photo retouching, using tools such as an airbrush to modify photographs or editing illustrations with any traditional art medium. Graphic software programs, which can be broadly grouped into vector graphics editors, raster graphics editors, and 3D modelers, are the primary tools with which a user may manipulate, enhance, and transform images.
Pipeline (computing)In computing, a pipeline, also known as a data pipeline, is a set of data processing elements connected in series, where the output of one element is the input of the next one. The elements of a pipeline are often executed in parallel or in time-sliced fashion. Some amount of buffer storage is often inserted between elements. Computer-related pipelines include: Instruction pipelines, such as the classic RISC pipeline, which are used in central processing units (CPUs) and other microprocessors to allow overlapping execution of multiple instructions with the same circuitry.
Parallélisme (informatique)vignette|upright=1|Un des éléments de Blue Gene L cabinet, un des supercalculateurs massivement parallèles les plus rapides des années 2000. En informatique, le parallélisme consiste à mettre en œuvre des architectures d'électronique numérique permettant de traiter des informations de manière simultanée, ainsi que les algorithmes spécialisés pour celles-ci. Ces techniques ont pour but de réaliser le plus grand nombre d'opérations en un temps le plus petit possible.
Haute définitionLa haute définition (HD) désigne une classification d'équipements de télédiffusion et de vidéo numérique ayant une définition d'au moins 1280 par (720p), puis 1920 par 1080 pixels (1080i et 1080p) et par la suite, 2560 par 1440 pixels (1440p). Elle est l'évolution du SDTV. Le terme HD s'étend à l'ensemble des techniques audiovisuelles numériques telles que le HDV (grand public), le HDCam, la télévision (DVB-T, DVB-S, DVB-C), les supports disque Blu-ray, HD DVD, l'enregistrement multimédia sur disque dur, ainsi qu'au stockage de données informatiques.
Langage de description de matérielUn langage de description de matériel, ou du matériel (ou HDL pour hardware description language en anglais) est un langage informatique permettant la description d'un circuit électronique au niveau des transferts de registres (RTL). Celui-ci peut décrire les fonctions réalisées par le circuit (description comportementale) ou les portes logiques utilisées par le circuit (description structurelle). Il est possible d'observer le fonctionnement d'un circuit électronique modélisé dans un langage de description grâce à la simulation.
Motion compensationMotion compensation in computing, is an algorithmic technique used to predict a frame in a video, given the previous and/or future frames by accounting for motion of the camera and/or objects in the video. It is employed in the encoding of video data for video compression, for example in the generation of MPEG-2 files. Motion compensation describes a picture in terms of the transformation of a reference picture to the current picture. The reference picture may be previous in time or even from the future.
Film frameIn filmmaking, video production, animation, and related fields, a frame is one of the many s which compose the complete moving picture. The term is derived from the historical development of film stock, in which the sequentially recorded single images look like a framed picture when examined individually. The term may also be used more generally as a noun or verb to refer to the edges of the image as seen in a camera viewfinder or projected on a screen. Thus, the camera operator can be said to keep a car in frame by panning with it as it speeds past.
Explainable artificial intelligenceExplainable AI (XAI), also known as Interpretable AI, or Explainable Machine Learning (XML), either refers to an AI system over which it is possible for humans to retain intellectual oversight, or to the methods to achieve this. The main focus is usually on the reasoning behind the decisions or predictions made by the AI which are made more understandable and transparent. XAI counters the "black box" tendency of machine learning, where even the AI's designers cannot explain why it arrived at a specific decision.
Pipeline (architecture des processeurs)330px|droite|Plan d'un pipeline générique à trois étapes En microarchitecture, un pipeline (ou chaîne de traitement), est l'élément d'un processeur dans lequel l'exécution des instructions est découpée en plusieurs étapes. Le premier ordinateur à utiliser cette technique est l'IBM Stretch, conçu en 1961. Avec un pipeline, le processeur peut commencer à exécuter une nouvelle instruction sans attendre que la précédente soit terminée. Chacune des étapes d’un pipeline est appelé étage.
