Patch-sequencingPatch-sequencing (patch-seq) is a method designed for tackling specific problems involved in characterizing neurons. As neural tissues are one of the most transcriptomically diverse populations of cells, classifying neurons into cell types in order to understand the circuits they form is a major challenge for neuroscientists. Combining classical classification methods with single cell RNA-sequencing post-hoc has proved to be difficult and slow.
Basal ganglia diseaseBasal ganglia disease is a group of physical problems that occur when the group of nuclei in the brain known as the basal ganglia fail to properly suppress unwanted movements or to properly prime upper motor neuron circuits to initiate motor function. Research indicates that increased output of the basal ganglia inhibits thalamocortical projection neurons. Proper activation or deactivation of these neurons is an integral component for proper movement.
History of catecholamine researchThe catecholamines are a group of neurotransmitters composed of the endogenous substances dopamine, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and adrenaline (epinephrine), as well as numerous artificially synthesized compounds such as isoprenaline - an anti-bradycardiac medication. Their investigation constitutes a major chapter in the history of physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology. Adrenaline was the first hormone extracted from an endocrine gland and obtained in pure form, before the word hormone was coined.
Behavioral addictionBehavioral addiction is a form of addiction that involves a compulsion to engage in a rewarding non-substance-related behavior – sometimes called a natural reward – despite any negative consequences to the person's physical, mental, social or financial well-being. Addiction canonically refers to substance abuse; however, the term's connotation has been expanded to include behaviors that may lead to a reward (such as gambling, eating, or shopping) since the 1990s.
OptogénétiqueL'optogénétique est un domaine de recherche et d’application associant les techniques de l’optique à celles de la génétique. Elle permet, par une stimulation lumineuse, d'altérer spécifiquement et localement un nombre limité de cellules modifiées génétiquement pour y être sensibles, sans perturber directement l'état des cellules voisines. Conceptualisée à la fin des années 1970, elle est consacrée par un mot dédié en 2006, puis élue méthode de l’année par Nature Methods en 2010.
Longueur de cléEn cryptologie, la longueur de clé ( ou key length) est la taille mesurée en bits de la clé de chiffrement (ou de signature) utilisée par un algorithme de chiffrement. La longueur de la clé est différente de la sécurité cryptographique, qui est la mesure de l'attaque la plus rapide contre un algorithme, aussi mesurée en bits. La sécurité évaluée d'un cryptosystème ne peut pas dépasser sa longueur de clé (étant donné que tout algorithme peut être cassé par force brute), mais elle peut être plus petite.
NeuropsychopharmacologyNeuropsychopharmacology, an interdisciplinary science related to psychopharmacology (study of effects of drugs on the mind) and fundamental neuroscience, is the study of the neural mechanisms that drugs act upon to influence behavior. It entails research of mechanisms of neuropathology, pharmacodynamics (drug action), psychiatric illness, and states of consciousness. These studies are instigated at the detailed level involving neurotransmission/receptor activity, bio-chemical processes, and neural circuitry.
Goal settingGoal setting involves the development of an action plan designed in order to motivate and guide a person or group toward a goal. Goals are more deliberate than desires and momentary intentions. Therefore, setting goals means that a person has committed thought, emotion, and behavior towards attaining the goal. In doing so, the goal setter has established a desired future state which differs from their current state thus creating a mismatch which in turn spurs future actions.
Cryptographie asymétriquevignette|320x320px|Schéma du chiffrement asymétrique: une clé sert à chiffrer et une seconde à déchiffrer La cryptographie asymétrique, ou cryptographie à clé publique est un domaine relativement récent de la cryptographie. Elle permet d'assurer la confidentialité d'une communication, ou d'authentifier les participants, sans que cela repose sur une donnée secrète partagée entre ceux-ci, contrairement à la cryptographie symétrique qui nécessite ce secret partagé préalable.
Key managementKey management refers to management of cryptographic keys in a cryptosystem. This includes dealing with the generation, exchange, storage, use, crypto-shredding (destruction) and replacement of keys. It includes cryptographic protocol design, key servers, user procedures, and other relevant protocols. Key management concerns keys at the user level, either between users or systems. This is in contrast to key scheduling, which typically refers to the internal handling of keys within the operation of a cipher.
