Progesterone and Overlooked Endocrine Pathways in Breast Cancer Pathogenesis
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Wnt and Notch signaling have long been established as strongly oncogenic in the mouse mammary gland. Aberrant expression of several Wnts and other components of this pathway in human breast carcinomas has been reported, but evidence for a causative role in ...
Most mammary gland development occurs after birth under the control of systemic hormones. Estrogens induce mammary epithelial cell proliferation during puberty via epithelial estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) by a paracrine mechanism. Epidermal growth fact ...
During puberty and pregnancy, the breast undergoes major restructuring in order to produce a structure that can secrete and eject copious amounts of milk. By analogy to other branched organs such as the lung or the salivary gland, a large increase in surfa ...
Estradiol is a major regulator of postnatal mammary gland development and thought to exert its effects through estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) expressed in the mammary gland stroma and epithelium. Previous studies, however, were confounded by the use of ...
Miyoshi et al. compared the role of the prolactin receptor (PrlR) and its downstream mediator, the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5), in mammary epithelial cells in vivo by studying PrlR-/- and Stat5ab-/- mouse mammary epithelial t ...
During spermatogenesis, postmeiotic germ cells utilize lactate produced by Sertoli cells as an energy metabolite. While the hormonal regulation of lactate production in Sertoli cells has been relatively well established, the transport of this energy substr ...
Female reproductive hormones control mammary gland morphogenesis. In the absence of the progesterone receptor (PR) from the mammary epithelium, ductal side-branching fails to occur. We can overcome this defect by ectopic expression of the protooncogene Wnt ...
Female fertility requires normal ovarian follicular growth and ovulation. The nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog 1 has been implicated in processes as diverse as bile acid metabolism, steroidogenesis, and cell proliferation. In the ovary, Lrh1 is expr ...
The mechanisms by which prolactin controls proliferation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and morphogenesis of the breast epithelium are poorly understood. We show that cyclin D1(-/-) MECs fail to proliferate in response to prolactin and identify IGF-2 a ...
