Emergent virusAn emergent virus (or emerging virus) is a virus that is either newly appeared, notably increasing in incidence/geographic range or has the potential to increase in the near future. Emergent viruses are a leading cause of emerging infectious diseases and raise public health challenges globally, given their potential to cause outbreaks of disease which can lead to epidemics and pandemics. As well as causing disease, emergent viruses can also have severe economic implications.
Sanger sequencingSanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing that involves electrophoresis and is based on the random incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication. After first being developed by Frederick Sanger and colleagues in 1977, it became the most widely used sequencing method for approximately 40 years. It was first commercialized by Applied Biosystems in 1986. More recently, higher volume Sanger sequencing has been replaced by next generation sequencing methods, especially for large-scale, automated genome analyses.
Récepteur (biochimie)En biochimie, un récepteur est une protéine de la membrane cellulaire ou du cytoplasme ou du noyau cellulaire qui se lie spécifiquement à un facteur spécifique (un ligand, tels un neurotransmetteur, une hormone, une molécule médicamenteuse, une toxine, un ion calcium, ou une protéine spécifique de la membrane d'un virus...), induisant une réponse cellulaire à ce ligand. Les modifications du comportement du récepteur protéique induites par le ligand conduisent à des modifications physiologiques qui constituent les « effets biologiques » du ligand.
Mutation génétiquethumb|Un exemple de mutation homéotique : une drosophile Antennapedia Une est une modification rare, accidentelle ou provoquée, de l'information génétique (séquence d’ADN ou d’ARN) dans le génome. Selon la partie du génome touchée, les conséquences d'une mutation peuvent varier. Une mutation est dite héréditaire si la séquence génétique mutée est transmise à la génération suivante (voir mutations germinales). Elle est l’un des éléments de la biodiversité et l’un des nombreux facteurs pouvant éventuellement participer dans l'évolution de l'espèce.
Exome sequencingExome sequencing, also known as whole exome sequencing (WES), is a genomic technique for sequencing all of the protein-coding regions of genes in a genome (known as the exome). It consists of two steps: the first step is to select only the subset of DNA that encodes proteins. These regions are known as exons—humans have about 180,000 exons, constituting about 1% of the human genome, or approximately 30 million base pairs. The second step is to sequence the exonic DNA using any high-throughput DNA sequencing technology.
Recombinaison viraleLa recombinaison virale est un processus permettant la genèse d'une nouvelle variété de virus en mélangeant le programme génétique de deux virus de la même famille ou sans parenté. On parle de virus réassorti pour désigner le résultat de cette recombinaison. Une recombinaison virale peut se produire si deux virus différents infectent simultanément une même cellule. Par exemple chez le virus de la grippe, le génome est composé de huit fragments d'ARN différents.
Rabies vaccineThe rabies vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rabies. There are a number of rabies vaccines available that are both safe and effective. They can be used to prevent rabies before, and, for a period of time, after exposure to the rabies virus, which is commonly caused by a dog bite or a bat bite. Doses are usually given by injection into the skin or muscle. After exposure, the vaccination is typically used along with rabies immunoglobulin. It is recommended that those who are at high risk of exposure be vaccinated before potential exposure.
Adhésine bactérienneAdhesins are cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion or adherence to other cells or to surfaces, usually in the host they are infecting or living in. Adhesins are a type of virulence factor. Adherence is an essential step in bacterial pathogenesis or infection, required for colonizing a new host. Adhesion and bacterial adhesins are also a potential target for prophylaxis or treatment of bacterial infections. Bacteria are typically found attached to and living in close association with surfaces.
Binding siteIn biochemistry and molecular biology, a binding site is a region on a macromolecule such as a protein that binds to another molecule with specificity. The binding partner of the macromolecule is often referred to as a ligand. Ligands may include other proteins (resulting in a protein-protein interaction), enzyme substrates, second messengers, hormones, or allosteric modulators. The binding event is often, but not always, accompanied by a conformational change that alters the protein's function.
Virus de la grippe A (H5N1)Le sous-type H5N1 du virus de la grippe A fait référence aux types de deux antigènes présents à la surface du virus : l'hémagglutinine de type 5 et la neuraminidase de type 1. Le virus de la grippe A est un virus à ARN monocaténaire de polarité négative à génome segmenté (8 segments) qui appartient au genre Alphainfluenzavirus de la famille des Orthomyxoviridae. Le sous-type H5N1 est de ceux susceptibles de provoquer une grippe aviaire transmissible à l'être humain.
