Lattice-based cryptographyLattice-based cryptography is the generic term for constructions of cryptographic primitives that involve lattices, either in the construction itself or in the security proof. Lattice-based constructions are currently important candidates for post-quantum cryptography. Unlike more widely used and known public-key schemes such as the RSA, Diffie-Hellman or elliptic-curve cryptosystems — which could, theoretically, be defeated using Shor's algorithm on a quantum computer — some lattice-based constructions appear to be resistant to attack by both classical and quantum computers.
Shear strength (soil)Shear strength is a term used in soil mechanics to describe the magnitude of the shear stress that a soil can sustain. The shear resistance of soil is a result of friction and interlocking of particles, and possibly cementation or bonding of particle contacts. Due to interlocking, particulate material may expand or contract in volume as it is subject to shear strains. If soil expands its volume, the density of particles will decrease and the strength will decrease; in this case, the peak strength would be followed by a reduction of shear stress.
Hypothèse calculatoireEn cryptographie, une hypothèse de difficulté calculatoire est une hypothèse qui sert à évaluer et à démontrer la robustesse des primitives cryptographiques. Dans certains cas, la sécurité est dite inconditionnelle si elle ne repose sur aucune hypothèse de difficulté calculatoire ; un exemple courant est la technique dite du masque jetable, où le masque est aussi grand que le message. Cependant, il est souvent impossible d'atteindre une forme de sécurité aussi forte ; dans de tels cas, les cryptographes doivent s'en remettre à une forme de sécurité dite « calculatoire ».
Divergent evolutionDivergent evolution or divergent selection is the accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, sometimes leading to speciation. Divergent evolution is typically exhibited when two populations become separated by a geographic barrier (such as in allopatric or peripatric speciation) and experience different selective pressures that drive adaptations to their new environment. After many generations and continual evolution, the populations become less able to interbreed with one another.
Common descentCommon descent is a concept in evolutionary biology applicable when one species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time. According to modern evolutionary biology, all living beings could be descendants of a unique ancestor commonly referred to as the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) of all life on Earth. Common descent is an effect of speciation, in which multiple species derive from a single ancestral population. The more recent the ancestral population two species have in common, the more closely are they related.
Problème de réseauIn computer science, lattice problems are a class of optimization problems related to mathematical objects called lattices. The conjectured intractability of such problems is central to the construction of secure lattice-based cryptosystems: Lattice problems are an example of NP-hard problems which have been shown to be average-case hard, providing a test case for the security of cryptographic algorithms. In addition, some lattice problems which are worst-case hard can be used as a basis for extremely secure cryptographic schemes.
Animal BehaviourThe British Journal of Animal Behaviour (en français « La revue britannique du comportement animal »), plus simplement connu sous le nom de Animal Behaviour est une revue scientifique d'éthologie à comité de lecture du Royaume-Uni et publiée par l'Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour en collaboration avec la Animal Behavior Society. Cette revue éditée en anglais a été fondée en 1953.
