Programmed cell deathProgrammed cell death (PCD; sometimes referred to as cellular suicide) is the death of a cell as a result of events inside of a cell, such as apoptosis or autophagy. PCD is carried out in a biological process, which usually confers advantage during an organism's lifecycle. For example, the differentiation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the fingers apoptose; the result is that the digits are separate. PCD serves fundamental functions during both plant and animal tissue development.
Cell growthCell growth refers to an increase in the total mass of a cell, including both cytoplasmic, nuclear and organelle volume. Cell growth occurs when the overall rate of cellular biosynthesis (production of biomolecules or anabolism) is greater than the overall rate of cellular degradation (the destruction of biomolecules via the proteasome, lysosome or autophagy, or catabolism). Cell growth is not to be confused with cell division or the cell cycle, which are distinct processes that can occur alongside cell growth during the process of cell proliferation, where a cell, known as the mother cell, grows and divides to produce two daughter cells.
ThréonineLa thréonine (abréviations IUPAC-IUBMB : Thr et T) est un acide dont l'énantiomère L est l'un des aminés protéinogènes, et l'un des aminés essentiels pour l'homme. Elle est codée sur les ARN messagers par les codons ACU, ACC, ACA et ACG. Elle est structurellement semblable à la valine, mais avec un groupe hydroxyle sur le . Elle possède de ce fait deux atomes de carbone asymétriques, le diastéréoisomère thréo (2S,3R) est de loin le plus abondant naturellement, le diastéréoisomère allo (2S,3S) étant bien plus rare dans les systèmes biologiques.
Blastocystealt=|vignette|221x221px|Schéma de blastocyste Le (du grec (blastos) signifiant « germe, bourgeon » et (kystis) pour « vessie ») est un stade du développement embryonnaire précoce des mammifères (d'une durée de 5 à 7 jours chez l'être humain), au cours duquel coexistent les cellules périphériques, appelées cellules du trophectoderme (ou trophoblaste), à l'origine des structures extra-embryonnaires comme le placenta ou le cordon ombilical, et des cellules de la masse interne, qui forment le bouton embryonnair
Evolution of mammalian auditory ossiclesThe evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles was an evolutionary process that resulted in the formation of the bones of the mammalian middle ear. These bones, or ossicles, are a defining characteristic of all mammals. The event is well-documented and important as a demonstration of transitional forms and exaptation, the re-purposing of existing structures during evolution. The ossicles evolved from skull bones present in most tetrapods, including the reptilian lineage.
Infectious causes of cancerEstimates place the worldwide risk of cancers from infectious causes at 16.1%. Viral infections are risk factors for cervical cancer, 80% of liver cancers, and 15–20% of the other cancers. This proportion varies in different regions of the world from a high of 32.7% in Sub-Saharan Africa to 3.3% in Australia and New Zealand. A virus that can cause cancer is called an oncovirus or tumor virus.
