Output impedanceThe output impedance of an electrical network is the measure of the opposition to current flow (impedance), both static (resistance) and dynamic (reactance), into the load network being connected that is internal to the electrical source. The output impedance is a measure of the source's propensity to drop in voltage when the load draws current, the source network being the portion of the network that transmits and the load network being the portion of the network that consumes.
Mélangeur (électronique)Un mélangeur est un circuit permettant de combiner plusieurs signaux électriques contenant des informations différentes. Console de mixage En technique audio et vidéo, un mélangeur est un appareil à plusieurs entrées, dont le signal de sortie est la somme pondérée de signaux à ses entrées. Quand il traite des signaux audio et qu'il permet des interventions humaines, on l'appelle plutôt console de mixage. En vidéo on parle de mélangeurs. Les mélangeurs traitent les signaux analogiques ou numériques.
Optical vortexAn optical vortex (also known as a photonic quantum vortex, screw dislocation or phase singularity) is a zero of an optical field; a point of zero intensity. The term is also used to describe a beam of light that has such a zero in it. The study of these phenomena is known as singular optics. In an optical vortex, light is twisted like a corkscrew around its axis of travel. Because of the twisting, the light waves at the axis itself cancel each other out.
Traitements alternatifs contre le cancerLes traitements alternatifs contre le cancer sont des traitements alternatifs ou complémentaires considérés comme pseudo-scientifiques et charlatanesques par la communauté médicale. Cette section contient une liste de traitements qui ont été recommandés pour traiter ou pour prévenir le cancer chez les humains, mais qui manquent de preuves scientifiques et médicales de leur efficacité. Dans de nombreux cas, il y a de bonnes preuves scientifiques que les traitements allégués ne fonctionnent pas.
Pince optiqueLa pince optique est un outil optique introduit en 1987 et utilisé en laboratoire qui permet le piégeage et la manipulation de cibles telles que les cellules, organites ou particules. Elle utilise la force résultant de la réfraction d’un faisceau laser en milieu transparent, pour maintenir et déplacer physiquement des objets diélectriques microscopiques. Des pinces optiques multiples peuvent même être utilisées pour manipuler simultanément plusieurs cibles.
Treatment of cancerCancer can be treated by surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy (including immunotherapy such as monoclonal antibody therapy) and synthetic lethality, most commonly as a series of separate treatments (e.g. chemotherapy before surgery). The choice of therapy depends upon the location and grade of the tumor and the stage of the disease, as well as the general state of the patient (performance status). Cancer genome sequencing helps in determining which cancer the patient exactly has for determining the best therapy for the cancer.
Maximum power transfer theoremIn electrical engineering, the maximum power transfer theorem states that, to obtain maximum external power from a power source with internal resistance, the resistance of the load must equal the resistance of the source as viewed from its output terminals. Moritz von Jacobi published the maximum power (transfer) theorem around 1840; it is also referred to as "Jacobi's law". The theorem results in maximum power transfer from the power source to the load, and not maximum efficiency of useful power out of total power consumed.
Modulation de fréquenceright|Illustration de modulation en amplitude et en fréquence. La modulation de fréquence ou MF (FM en anglais) est un mode de modulation consistant à transmettre un signal par la modulation de la fréquence d'un signal porteur (porteuse). On parle de modulation de fréquence par opposition à la modulation d'amplitude. En modulation de fréquence, l'information est portée par une modification de la fréquence de la porteuse, et non par une variation d'amplitude.
Intermediate frequencyIn communications and electronic engineering, an intermediate frequency (IF) is a frequency to which a carrier wave is shifted as an intermediate step in transmission or reception. The intermediate frequency is created by mixing the carrier signal with a local oscillator signal in a process called heterodyning, resulting in a signal at the difference or beat frequency. Intermediate frequencies are used in superheterodyne radio receivers, in which an incoming signal is shifted to an IF for amplification before final detection is done.
Diffraction-limited systemIn optics, any optical instrument or system a microscope, telescope, or camera has a principal limit to its resolution due to the physics of diffraction. An optical instrument is said to be diffraction-limited if it has reached this limit of resolution performance. Other factors may affect an optical system's performance, such as lens imperfections or aberrations, but these are caused by errors in the manufacture or calculation of a lens, whereas the diffraction limit is the maximum resolution possible for a theoretically perfect, or ideal, optical system.
