Nonpoint source pollutionNonpoint source (NPS) pollution refers to diffuse contamination (or pollution) of water or air that does not originate from a single discrete source. This type of pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amounts of contaminants gathered from a large area. It is in contrast to point source pollution which results from a single source. Nonpoint source pollution generally results from land runoff, precipitation, atmospheric deposition, drainage, seepage, or hydrological modification (rainfall and snowmelt) where tracing pollution back to a single source is difficult.
Pilote informatiqueUn pilote informatique (driver), souvent abrégé en pilote, est un programme informatique destiné à permettre à un autre programme (souvent un système d'exploitation) d'interagir avec un périphérique. En général, chaque périphérique a son propre pilote. Dit de manière simplifiée, un pilote d'imprimante est un logiciel qui traduit les ordres de l'utilisateur (le système) dans le langage de l'imprimante. Sans pilote, l'imprimante ou la carte graphique par exemple ne pourraient pas être utilisées.
AutocovarianceLa fonction d'autocovariance d'un processus stochastique permet de caractériser les dépendances linéaires existant au sein de ce processus. Si est un processus stationnaire au sens faible alors et pour n'importe quels entiers naturels . Dans ce cas et il suffit alors de définir les autocovariances par la fonction qui à tout associe . La fonction d'autocovariance apparaît alors comme la covariance de ce processus avec une version décalée de lui-même. On appelle l'autocovariance d'ordre .
Matched filterIn signal processing, a matched filter is obtained by correlating a known delayed signal, or template, with an unknown signal to detect the presence of the template in the unknown signal. This is equivalent to convolving the unknown signal with a conjugated time-reversed version of the template. The matched filter is the optimal linear filter for maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the presence of additive stochastic noise.
Ringing artifactsIn signal processing, particularly , ringing artifacts are artifacts that appear as spurious signals near sharp transitions in a signal. Visually, they appear as bands or "ghosts" near edges; audibly, they appear as "echos" near transients, particularly sounds from percussion instruments; most noticeable are the pre-echos. The term "ringing" is because the output signal oscillates at a fading rate around a sharp transition in the input, similar to a bell after being struck.
Image momentIn , computer vision and related fields, an image moment is a certain particular weighted average (moment) of the image pixels' intensities, or a function of such moments, usually chosen to have some attractive property or interpretation. Image moments are useful to describe objects after . Simple properties of the image which are found via image moments include area (or total intensity), its centroid, and information about its orientation. For a 2D continuous function f(x,y) the moment (sometimes called "raw moment") of order (p + q) is defined as for p,q = 0,1,2,.
