Binucleated cellsBinucleated cells are cells that contain two nuclei. This type of cell is most commonly found in cancer cells and may arise from a variety of causes. Binucleation can be easily visualized through staining and microscopy. In general, binucleation has negative effects on cell viability and subsequent mitosis. They also occur physiologically in hepatocytes, chondrocytes and in fungi (dikaryon). Cleavage furrow regression: Cells divide and almost complete division but then the cleavage furrow begins to regress and the cells merge.
Corégulateur transcriptionnelIn molecular biology and genetics, transcription coregulators are proteins that interact with transcription factors to either activate or repress the transcription of specific genes. Transcription coregulators that activate gene transcription are referred to as coactivators while those that repress are known as corepressors. The mechanism of action of transcription coregulators is to modify chromatin structure and thereby make the associated DNA more or less accessible to transcription.
Capacité évolutiveLa capacité évolutive correspond au stockage puis relargage d'une variation génétique, de façon analogue aux condensateurs électriques qui stockent et libèrent une charge. Les systèmes biologiques (organismes, populations, tissus, organes...) sont robustes face aux mutations. Cela signifie que ces systèmes accumulent de la variation génétique sans que celle-ci ait un effet sur le phénotype. Mais lorsque le système est perturbé (sous l'effet du stress par exemple), cette robustesse se détériore, et la variation entraîne des effets sur le phénotype et subit en totalité la force de la sélection naturelle.
Prophasevignette| Formation du fuseau mitotique et condensation des chromosomes pendant la prophase. La prophase (du grec ancien πρό, pró : « avant ») est la première phase de la division cellulaire mitotique, comme méiotique chez les êtres vivants eucaryotes. Elle débute par la visualisation des chromosomes condensés (cette condensation de la chromatine en chromosomes se fait dès la phase G2, mais n'est pas discernable en microscopie optique) et se termine peu avant la dissociation de l’enveloppe nucléaire (caractéristique de la prométaphase).
Gene expression profilingIn the field of molecular biology, gene expression profiling is the measurement of the activity (the expression) of thousands of genes at once, to create a global picture of cellular function. These profiles can, for example, distinguish between cells that are actively dividing, or show how the cells react to a particular treatment. Many experiments of this sort measure an entire genome simultaneously, that is, every gene present in a particular cell. Several transcriptomics technologies can be used to generate the necessary data to analyse.
Acide désoxyribonucléiquevignette|Structure de la double hélice d'ADN. vignette|Structure chimique de l'ADN illustrant les quatre configurations des paires AT et GC entre les deux armatures de la double hélice, constituées d'une alternance de phosphate et de désoxyribose. L'acide désoxyribonucléique, ou ADN, est une macromolécule biologique présente dans presque toutes les cellules ainsi que chez de nombreux virus. L'ADN contient toute l'information génétique, appelée génome, permettant le développement, le fonctionnement et la reproduction des êtres vivants.
Chromosomevignette|400px|Description de la structure d'un chromosome. Un chromosome (du χρώμα, couleur et σώμα, corps, élément) est un élément microscopique constitué d'une molécule d'ADN et de protéines, les histones et les protéines non histones. Il porte les gènes, supports de l'information génétique, transmis des cellules mères aux cellules filles lors des divisions cellulaires. Dans les cellules eucaryotes, les chromosomes se trouvent dans le noyau.
Spindle checkpointThe spindle checkpoint, also known as the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), the metaphase checkpoint, or the mitotic checkpoint, is a cell cycle checkpoint during mitosis or meiosis that prevents the separation of the duplicated chromosomes (anaphase) until each chromosome is properly attached to the spindle. To achieve proper segregation, the two kinetochores on the sister chromatids must be attached to opposite spindle poles (bipolar orientation).
CREB-binding protein'CREB-binding protein', also known as CREBBP or CBP or KAT3A, (where CREB is cAMP response element-binding protein) is a coactivator encoded by the CREBBP gene in humans, located on chromosome 16p13.3. CBP has intrinsic acetyltransferase functions; it is able to add acetyl groups to both transcription factors as well as histone lysines, the latter of which has been shown to alter chromatin structure making genes more accessible for transcription. This relatively unique acetyltransferase activity is also seen in another transcription enzyme, EP300 (p300).
Binding siteIn biochemistry and molecular biology, a binding site is a region on a macromolecule such as a protein that binds to another molecule with specificity. The binding partner of the macromolecule is often referred to as a ligand. Ligands may include other proteins (resulting in a protein-protein interaction), enzyme substrates, second messengers, hormones, or allosteric modulators. The binding event is often, but not always, accompanied by a conformational change that alters the protein's function.
