Sommeil polyphasiqueLe sommeil polyphasique est un mode de repos dans lequel le temps de sommeil d'une journée de 24 heures est réparti en plusieurs périodes au lieu d'être regroupé en une "nuit" (sommeil monophasique). C'est le mode habituel de sommeil chez de nombreuses espèces animales ( comme les éléphants ), et il semble avoir été courant dans l'espèce humaine, au moins sous la forme biphasique (deux périodes), avant l'ère industrielle et la généralisation de l'éclairage continu.
Hygiène du sommeilvignette|Homme ayant du mal a dormir Le terme « hygiène du sommeil » désigne les bonnes habitudes de sommeil. En 2010 auprès de et , plus de la moitié des répondants (56 %) déclarent être fatigués. Alors que 36 % disent ne pas avoir suffisamment de temps pour dormir, 32 % avouent se réveiller la nuit et être incapable de se rendormir.Les avantages d'écouter de la musique avant de se coucher sont nombreux.
Hypoxia (environmental)Hypoxia refers to low oxygen conditions. Normally, 20.9% of the gas in the atmosphere is oxygen. The partial pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere is 20.9% of the total barometric pressure. In water, oxygen levels are much lower, approximately 7 ppm or 0.0007% in good quality water, and fluctuate locally depending on the presence of photosynthetic organisms and relative distance to the surface (if there is more oxygen in the air, it will diffuse across the partial pressure gradient).
Neurobiologie du sommeilThe neuroscience of sleep is the study of the neuroscientific and physiological basis of the nature of sleep and its functions. Traditionally, sleep has been studied as part of psychology and medicine. The study of sleep from a neuroscience perspective grew to prominence with advances in technology and the proliferation of neuroscience research from the second half of the twentieth century. The importance of sleep is demonstrated by the fact that organisms daily spend hours of their time in sleep, and that sleep deprivation can have disastrous effects ultimately leading to death in animals.
Sleep medicineSleep medicine is a medical specialty or subspecialty devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of sleep disturbances and disorders. From the middle of the 20th century, research has provided increasing knowledge of, and answered many questions about, sleep–wake functioning. The rapidly evolving field has become a recognized medical subspecialty in some countries. Dental sleep medicine also qualifies for board certification in some countries. Properly organized, minimum 12-month, postgraduate training programs are still being defined in the United States.
Diving medicineDiving medicine, also called undersea and hyperbaric medicine (UHB), is the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of conditions caused by humans entering the undersea environment. It includes the effects on the body of pressure on gases, the diagnosis and treatment of conditions caused by marine hazards and how relationships of a diver's fitness to dive affect a diver's safety. Diving medical practitioners are also expected to be competent in the examination of divers and potential divers to determine fitness to dive.
Decompression theoryDecompression theory is the study and modelling of the transfer of the inert gas component of breathing gases from the gas in the lungs to the tissues and back during exposure to variations in ambient pressure. In the case of underwater diving and compressed air work, this mostly involves ambient pressures greater than the local surface pressure, but astronauts, high altitude mountaineers, and travellers in aircraft which are not pressurised to sea level pressure, are generally exposed to ambient pressures less than standard sea level atmospheric pressure.
Rythme veille-sommeil irrégulierLe rythme veille-sommeil irrégulier est un trouble du sommeil faisant partie des troubles du rythme circadien. Il est l'expression d'une désorganisation totale des cycles veille-sommeil par rapport au rythme nycthéméral. La fréquence du trouble est inconnue. On retrouve assez souvent une démence ou d’autres atteintes cérébrales dégénératives associées. On observe une absence totale de rythme veille-sommeil. Il n’existe pas d’horaire fixe de sommeil.
Oxygen saturationOxygen saturation (symbol SO2) is a relative measure of the concentration of oxygen that is dissolved or carried in a given medium as a proportion of the maximal concentration that can be dissolved in that medium at the given temperature. It can be measured with a dissolved oxygen probe such as an oxygen sensor or an optode in liquid media, usually water. The standard unit of oxygen saturation is percent (%). Oxygen saturation can be measured regionally and noninvasively.
Oxygen saturation (medicine)Oxygen saturation is the fraction of oxygen-saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin (unsaturated + saturated) in the blood. The human body requires and regulates a very precise and specific balance of oxygen in the blood. Normal arterial blood oxygen saturation levels in humans are 97–100 percent. If the level is below 90 percent, it is considered low and called hypoxemia. Arterial blood oxygen levels below 80 percent may compromise organ function, such as the brain and heart, and should be promptly addressed.
