P16Le p16 est une protéine suppresseuse de tumeur également connue sous le nom d'inhibiteur de kinase cycline-dépendante 2A (CDKN2A). Elle est un inhibiteur du complexe CDK4/CDK6-Cycline D. Ce complexe phosphoryle pRB (protéine du rétinoblastome), ce qui a pour conséquence de l'empêcher de se lier au facteur de transcription E2F. Celui-ci peut alors activer la transcription de nombreux gènes favorisant le passage de la cellule de la phase G1 à la phase S.
Hérédité non mendélienneEn génétique, l'hérédité non mendélienne incluant l'hérédité mitochondriale ou hérédité cytoplasmique désigne la transmission héréditaire d'un trait d'un organisme à sa descendance sans altération de la séquence génétique du génome nucléaire. On emploie ce terme par opposition à l'hérédité mendélienne qui est la forme la plus connue de transmission génétique dont les lois ont notamment été découvertes par Gregor Mendel au .
Appareil génital masculinvignette|Coupe sagittale médiane du petit bassin masculin : L'appareil génital masculin est l'appareil reproducteur de l'homme. Il est composé des cordons spermatiques, du scrotum, des testicules, des épididymes, des canaux déférents, des canaux éjaculateurs, des vésicules séminales, de la prostate, de l'urètre et du pénis. Fichier:Appareil génital mâle - Vue 3D.svg|Anatomie vue en perspective Fichier:Appareil génital mâle - Vue sagittale.svg|Anatomie vue de côté Fichier:Appareil génital mâle - Vue de face.
Intragenomic conflictIntragenomic conflict refers to the evolutionary phenomenon where genes have phenotypic effects that promote their own transmission in detriment of the transmission of other genes that reside in the same genome. The selfish gene theory postulates that natural selection will increase the frequency of those genes whose phenotypic effects cause their transmission to new organisms, and most genes achieve this by cooperating with other genes in the same genome to build an organism capable of reproducing and/or helping kin to reproduce.
Bcl-2–associated X proteinApoptosis regulator BAX, also known as bcl-2-like protein 4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAX gene. BAX is a member of the Bcl-2 gene family. BCL2 family members form hetero- or homodimers and act as anti- or pro-apoptotic regulators that are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities. This protein forms a heterodimer with BCL2, and functions as an apoptotic activator. This protein is reported to interact with, and increase the opening of, the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), which leads to the loss in membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c.
EucestodaEucestoda, commonly referred to as tapeworms, is the larger of the two subclasses of flatworms in the class Cestoda (the other subclass is Cestodaria). Larvae have six posterior hooks on the scolex (head), in contrast to the ten-hooked Cestodaria. All tapeworms are endoparasites of vertebrates, living in the digestive tract or related ducts. Examples are the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) with a human definitive host, and pigs as the secondary host, and Moniezia expansa, the definitive hosts of which are ruminants.
Mars roverA Mars rover is a motor vehicle designed to travel on the surface of Mars. Rovers have several advantages over stationary landers: they examine more territory, they can be directed to interesting features, they can place themselves in sunny positions to weather winter months, and they can advance the knowledge of how to perform very remote robotic vehicle control. They serve a different purpose than orbital spacecraft like Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. A more recent development is the Mars helicopter.
