CarboxylateIn organic chemistry, a carboxylate is the conjugate base of a carboxylic acid, (or ). It is an ion with negative charge. Carboxylate salts are salts that have the general formula , where M is a metal and n is 1, 2,.... Carboxylate esters have the general formula (also written as ), where R and R′ are organic groups. Carboxylate ions can be formed by deprotonation of carboxylic acids. Such acids typically have pKa of less than 5, meaning that they can be deprotonated by many bases, such as sodium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate.
HétéroatomeIn chemistry, a heteroatom () is, strictly, any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen. In practice, the term is usually used more specifically to indicate that non-carbon atoms have replaced carbon in the backbone of the molecular structure. Typical heteroatoms are nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I), as well as the metals lithium (Li) and magnesium (Mg). It can also be used with highly specific meanings in specialised contexts.
Solide covalentA network solid or covalent network solid (also called atomic crystalline solids or giant covalent structures) is a chemical compound (or element) in which the atoms are bonded by covalent bonds in a continuous network extending throughout the material. In a network solid there are no individual molecules, and the entire crystal or amorphous solid may be considered a macromolecule. Formulas for network solids, like those for ionic compounds, are simple ratios of the component atoms represented by a formula unit.
RétrosynthèseLa rétrosynthèse ou analyse rétrosynthétique est une technique de résolution de problèmes dans la planification de synthèses organiques. La rétrosynthèse consiste à décomposer une molécule d'intérêt, souvent complexe, en un ensemble de précurseurs plus simples, sans hypothèse a priori sur les composés de départ qui seront utilisés. Ce processus est itéré sur les précurseurs eux-mêmes, qui sont à leur tour décomposés, jusqu'à ce qu'on aboutisse à des molécules disponibles commercialement. Ce concept a été formalisé par E.
