Distributed-element circuitDistributed-element circuits are electrical circuits composed of lengths of transmission lines or other distributed components. These circuits perform the same functions as conventional circuits composed of passive components, such as capacitors, inductors, and transformers. They are used mostly at microwave frequencies, where conventional components are difficult (or impossible) to implement. Conventional circuits consist of individual components manufactured separately then connected together with a conducting medium.
Sensor nodeA sensor node (also known as a mote in North America), consists of an individual node from a sensor network that is capable of performing a desired action such as gathering, processing or communicating information with other connected nodes in a network. Although wireless sensor networks have existed for decades and used for diverse applications such as earthquake measurements or warfare, the modern development of small sensor nodes dates back to the 1998 Smartdust project and the NASA.
Capteurvignette|Le système informatique d'un avion de ligne gère en une fraction de seconde les données issues de nombreux capteurs (vitesse, direction, contrôle des réacteurs). vignette|Capteur infrarouge. Un capteur est un dispositif transformant l'état d'une grandeur physique observée en une grandeur utilisable, telle qu'une tension électrique, une hauteur de mercure, un courant électrique ou la déviation d'une aiguille. Le capteur se distingue de l'instrument de mesure par le fait qu'il ne s'agit que d'une interface entre un processus physique et une information manipulable.
Réduction de la dimensionnalitévignette|320x320px|Animation présentant la projection de points en deux dimensions sur les axes obtenus par analyse en composantes principales, une méthode populaire de réduction de la dimensionnalité La réduction de la dimensionnalité (ou réduction de (la) dimension) est un processus étudié en mathématiques et en informatique, qui consiste à prendre des données dans un espace de grande dimension, et à les remplacer par des données dans un espace de plus petite dimension.
Hyperbolic growthWhen a quantity grows towards a singularity under a finite variation (a "finite-time singularity") it is said to undergo hyperbolic growth. More precisely, the reciprocal function has a hyperbola as a graph, and has a singularity at 0, meaning that the limit as is infinite: any similar graph is said to exhibit hyperbolic growth. If the output of a function is inversely proportional to its input, or inversely proportional to the difference from a given value , the function will exhibit hyperbolic growth, with a singularity at .
Electrical elementIn electrical engineering, electrical elements are conceptual abstractions representing idealized electrical components, such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors, used in the analysis of electrical networks. All electrical networks can be analyzed as multiple electrical elements interconnected by wires. Where the elements roughly correspond to real components, the representation can be in the form of a schematic diagram or circuit diagram. This is called a lumped-element circuit model.
