Résistance aux antibiotiquesLa résistance aux antibiotiques ou antibiorésistance est la capacité d'une bactérie à résister aux effets des antibiotiques. C'est l'une des formes de la pharmacorésistance, différente du phénomène de tolérance aux antibiotiques. upright=1.2|vignette|Tests de résistance aux antibiotiques : une souche de bactérie cultivée en boîte de Petri est exposée à des disques blancs contenant chacun un antibiotique différent.
Antibiotiquevignette|Gélules d'amoxicilline, l'un des antibiotiques les plus prescrits au monde, appartenant à la famille des bêta-lactamines. Un antibiotique (du grec anti : « contre », et bios : « la vie ») est une substance naturelle ou synthétique qui détruit ou bloque la croissance des bactéries. Dans le premier cas, on parle d'antibiotique bactéricide et dans le second cas d'antibiotique bactériostatique. Lorsque la substance est utilisée de manière externe pour tuer la bactérie par contact, on ne parle pas d'antibiotique mais d'antiseptique.
Programmed cell deathProgrammed cell death (PCD; sometimes referred to as cellular suicide) is the death of a cell as a result of events inside of a cell, such as apoptosis or autophagy. PCD is carried out in a biological process, which usually confers advantage during an organism's lifecycle. For example, the differentiation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the fingers apoptose; the result is that the digits are separate. PCD serves fundamental functions during both plant and animal tissue development.
Skin infectionA skin infection is an infection of the skin in humans and other animals, that can also affect the associated soft tissues such as loose connective tissue and mucous membranes. They comprise a category of infections termed skin and skin structure infections (SSSIs), or skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), and acute bacterial SSSIs (ABSSSIs). They are distinguished from dermatitis (inflammation of the skin), although skin infections can result in skin inflammation.
Pathogenic bacteriaPathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease. This article focuses on the bacteria that are pathogenic to humans. Most species of bacteria are harmless and are often beneficial but others can cause infectious diseases. The number of these pathogenic species in humans is estimated to be fewer than a hundred. By contrast, several thousand species are part of the gut flora present in the digestive tract.
Antibiotic misuseAntibiotic misuse, sometimes called antibiotic abuse or antibiotic overuse, refers to the misuse or overuse of antibiotics, with potentially serious effects on health. It is a contributing factor to the development of antibiotic resistance, including the creation of multidrug-resistant bacteria, informally called "super bugs": relatively harmless bacteria (such as Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Acinetobacter) can develop resistance to multiple antibiotics and cause life-threatening infections.
InfectionAn infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable disease, is an illness resulting from an infection. Infections can be caused by a wide range of pathogens, most prominently bacteria and viruses. Hosts can fight infections using their immune systems. Mammalian hosts react to infections with an innate response, often involving inflammation, followed by an adaptive response.
BactérieLe terme bactérie est un nom vernaculaire qui désigne certains organismes vivants microscopiques et procaryotes présents dans tous les milieux. Le plus souvent unicellulaires, elles sont parfois pluricellulaires (généralement filamenteuses), la plupart des espèces bactériennes ne vivant pas individuellement en suspension, mais en communautés complexes adhérant à des surfaces au sein d'un gel muqueux (biofilm). vignette|200px|Coques à gauche, Spirillum au centre, bacille à droite.
Antibiotic sensitivity testingAntibiotic sensitivity testing or antibiotic susceptibility testing is the measurement of the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics. It is used because bacteria may have resistance to some antibiotics. Sensitivity testing results can allow a clinician to change the choice of antibiotics from empiric therapy, which is when an antibiotic is selected based on clinical suspicion about the site of an infection and common causative bacteria, to directed therapy, in which the choice of antibiotic is based on knowledge of the organism and its sensitivities.
Utilisation des antibiotiques en élevagevignette|Les antibiotiques permettent de neutraliser les bactéries présentes dans l'organisme tant chez les animaux que chez les êtres humains. Pour éviter l'antibiorésistance, il est donc important de respecter les règles d'utilisation. L'utilisation des antibiotiques en élevage a plusieurs finalités. Les antibiotiques sont utilisés en élevage d'abord pour traiter les animaux malades (usage thérapeutique ou curatif).
