Waveguide (optics)An optical waveguide is a physical structure that guides electromagnetic waves in the optical spectrum. Common types of optical waveguides include optical fiber waveguides, transparent dielectric waveguides made of plastic and glass, liquid light guides, and liquid waveguides. Optical waveguides are used as components in integrated optical circuits or as the transmission medium in local and long-haul optical communication systems.
Onde évanescenteL'onde plane évanescente est une onde plane particulière dont l'amplitude varie exponentiellement dans une direction orthogonale à sa direction de propagation. En supposant l'onde monochromatique, on peut en donner une expression mathématique utilisant la notation exponentielle : Le vecteur d'onde est un vecteur complexe. Sa partie réelle, , et sa partie imaginaire , sont deux vecteurs orthogonaux. La direction de propagation de l'onde est celle de la partie réelle.
Fiber-optic cableA fiber-optic cable, also known as an optical-fiber cable, is an assembly similar to an electrical cable but containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable is used. Different types of cable are used for optical communication in different applications, for example long-distance telecommunication or providing a high-speed data connection between different parts of a building.
WaveguideA waveguide is a structure that guides waves, such as sound (acoustic waveguide), light (optical waveguide), radio waves (radio-frequency waveguide) or other electromagnetic waves, with minimal loss of energy by restricting the transmission of energy to one direction. Without the physical constraint of a waveguide, wave intensities decrease according to the inverse square law as they expand into three-dimensional space. There are different types of waveguides for different types of waves.
Fiber-optic communicationFiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of infrared or visible light through an optical fiber. The light is a form of carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. Fiber is preferred over electrical cabling when high bandwidth, long distance, or immunity to electromagnetic interference is required. This type of communication can transmit voice, video, and telemetry through local area networks or across long distances.
Échantillonnage stratifiévignette|Vous prenez un échantillon aléatoire stratifié en divisant d'abord la population en groupes homogènes (semblables en eux-mêmes) (strates) qui sont distincts les uns des autres, c'est-à-dire. Le groupe 1 est différent du groupe 2. Ensuite, choisissez un EAS (échantillon aléatoire simple) distinct dans chaque strate et combinez ces EAS pour former l'échantillon complet. L'échantillonnage aléatoire stratifié est utilisé pour produire des échantillons non biaisés.
Arrayed waveguide gratingArrayed waveguide gratings (AWG) are commonly used as optical (de)multiplexers in wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems. These devices are capable of multiplexing many wavelengths into a single optical fiber, thereby increasing the transmission capacity of optical networks considerably. The devices are based on a fundamental principle of optics, which states that light waves of different wavelengths do not interfere linearly with each other.
UltrasonL'ultrason est une onde mécanique et élastique, qui se propage au travers de supports fluides, solides, gazeux ou liquides. La gamme de fréquences des ultrasons se situe entre , trop élevées pour être perçues par l'oreille humaine, mais un flux d'ultrasons de très haute intensité, et focalisé, peut être perçu par le corps humain, via d'autres mécanorécepteurs. Le nom vient du fait que leur fréquence est trop élevée pour être audible pour l'oreille humaine (le son est trop aigu : la gamme de fréquences audibles par l'être humain se situe entre 20 et .
Simple random sampleIn statistics, a simple random sample (or SRS) is a subset of individuals (a sample) chosen from a larger set (a population) in which a subset of individuals are chosen randomly, all with the same probability. It is a process of selecting a sample in a random way. In SRS, each subset of k individuals has the same probability of being chosen for the sample as any other subset of k individuals. A simple random sample is an unbiased sampling technique. Simple random sampling is a basic type of sampling and can be a component of other more complex sampling methods.
Functional imagingFunctional imaging (or physiological imaging) is a medical imaging technique of detecting or measuring changes in metabolism, blood flow, regional chemical composition, and absorption. As opposed to structural imaging, functional imaging centers on revealing physiological activities within a certain tissue or organ by employing medical image modalities that very often use tracers or probes to reflect spatial distribution of them within the body. These tracers are often analogous to some chemical compounds, like glucose, within the body.
