Mixed-member proportional representationMixed-member proportional representation (MMP or MMPR) is a mixed electoral system in which votes are cast for both local elections and also for overall party vote tallies, which are used to allocate additional members to produce or deepen overall proportional representation. In some MMP systems, voters get two votes: one to decide the representative for their single-seat constituency, and one for a political party. In Denmark and others, the single vote cast by the voter is used for both the local election (in a multi-member or single-seat district), and for the overall top-up.
Mangrove forestMangrove forests, also called mangrove swamps, mangrove thickets or mangals, are productive wetlands that occur in coastal intertidal zones. Mangrove forests grow mainly at tropical and subtropical latitudes because mangroves cannot withstand freezing temperatures. There are about 80 different species of mangroves, all of which grow in areas with low-oxygen soil, where slow-moving waters allow fine sediments to accumulate. Many mangrove forests can be recognised by their dense tangle of prop roots that make the trees appear to be standing on stilts above the water.
Substance use disorderSubstance use disorder (SUD) is the persistent use of drugs (including alcohol) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences as a result of their use. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) states that “Substance use disorder (SUD) is a treatable mental disorder that affects a person's brain and behavior, leading to their inability to control their use of substances like legal or illegal drugs, alcohol, or medications. Symptoms can be moderate to severe, with addiction being the most severe form of SUD”.
Abus de substancesL’abus de substances (abus substantiel ou troubles mentaux et du comportement liés à l'utilisation de substances psycho-actives) est l'usage excessif d'une ou plusieurs drogues, c'est-à-dire de substances qui modifient le fonctionnement de l'esprit (psychotropes) et sont considérées comme entraînant une dépendance. Il s'agit en fait de ce qu'on nomme couramment toxicomanie. La psychiatrie considère comme un trouble mental un tel usage pour des effets non-thérapeutiques ou non-médicaux.
Challenger Deepvignette|upright=1.5|Localisation de Challenger Deep dans l'océan Pacifique occidental. Challenger Deep est le point le plus profond jamais mesuré dans les océans, à sous le niveau de la mer. Il se situe à proximité des îles Mariannes, à l'extrémité sud de la fosse des Mariannes (). La terre émergée la plus proche est l'île Fais, une des îles environnantes de Yap, appartenant aux États fédérés de Micronésie, au sud-ouest, et Guam, au nord-est.
Alternative vote plusThe alternative vote plus (AV+), or alternative vote top-up, is a semi-proportional voting system. AV+ was devised by the 1998 Jenkins Commission which first proposed the idea as a system that could be used for elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom. As the name suggests, AV+ is an additional member system which works in two parts: the 'AV' part and the 'plus' part. As in the alternative vote system, candidates are ranked numerically in order of preference.
