Present valueIn economics and finance, present value (PV), also known as present discounted value, is the value of an expected income stream determined as of the date of valuation. The present value is usually less than the future value because money has interest-earning potential, a characteristic referred to as the time value of money, except during times of zero- or negative interest rates, when the present value will be equal or more than the future value. Time value can be described with the simplified phrase, "A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow".
Incentive programAn incentive program is a formal scheme used to promote or encourage specific actions or behavior by a specific group of people during a defined period of time. Incentive programs are particularly used in business management to motivate employees and in sales to attract and retain customers. Scientific literature also refers to this concept as pay for performance. Motivation Employee incentive programs are programs used to increase overall employee performance.
Passager clandestin (économie)Dans les sciences sociales, le free-rider problem (traduit en français par « 'problème du passager clandestin' ») est un type de défaillance du marché ou d'une organisation qui se produit lorsque ceux qui bénéficient d'une ressource ou d'un service (biens publics tels que routes ou hôpitaux publics, biens de nature communale) ne le paient pas ou le sous-paient. Les passagers clandestins peuvent poser problème car sans payer ou en sous-payant le bien (soit directement par des redevances, des cotisations ou des péages, soit indirectement par des taxes), ils continuent à y accéder ou à l'utiliser.
Decentralised systemA decentralised system in systems theory is a system in which lower level components operate on local information to accomplish global goals. The global pattern of behaviour is an emergent property of dynamical mechanisms that act upon local components, such as indirect communication, rather than the result of a central ordering influence of a centralised system. A centralised system is one in which a central controller exercises control over the lower-level components of the system directly or through the use of a power hierarchy (such as instructing a middle level component to instruct a lower level component).
Open textbookAn open textbook is a textbook licensed under an open license, and made available online to be freely used by students, teachers and members of the public. Many open textbooks are distributed in either print, e-book, or audio formats that may be downloaded or purchased at little or no cost. Part of the broader open educational resources movement, open textbooks increasingly are seen as a solution to challenges with traditionally published textbooks, such as access and affordability concerns.
