Modèle mathématiquevignette|Un automate fini est un exemple de modèle mathématique. Un modèle mathématique est une traduction d'une observation dans le but de lui appliquer les outils, les techniques et les théories mathématiques, puis généralement, en sens inverse, la traduction des résultats mathématiques obtenus en prédictions ou opérations dans le monde réel. Un modèle se rapporte toujours à ce qu’on espère en déduire.
Vehicle simulation gameVehicle simulation games are a genre of video games which attempt to provide the player with a realistic interpretation of operating various kinds of vehicles. This includes automobiles, aircraft, watercraft, spacecraft, military vehicles, and a variety of other vehicles. The main challenge is to master driving and steering the vehicle from the perspective of the pilot or driver, with most games adding another challenge such as racing or fighting rival vehicles.
Human-in-the-loopHuman-in-the-loop or HITL is used in multiple contexts. It can be defined as a model requiring human interaction. HITL is associated with modeling and simulation (M&S) in the live, virtual, and constructive taxonomy. HITL along with the related human-on-the-loop are also used in relation to lethal autonomous weapons. Further, HITL is used in the context of machine learning. In machine learning, HITL is used in the sense of humans aiding the computer in making the correct decisions in building a model.
Convection–diffusion equationThe convection–diffusion equation is a combination of the diffusion and convection (advection) equations, and describes physical phenomena where particles, energy, or other physical quantities are transferred inside a physical system due to two processes: diffusion and convection. Depending on context, the same equation can be called the advection–diffusion equation, drift–diffusion equation, or (generic) scalar transport equation.
Diffusion of innovationsDiffusion of innovations is a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread. The theory was popularized by Everett Rogers in his book Diffusion of Innovations, first published in 1962. Rogers argues that diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated over time among the participants in a social system. The origins of the diffusion of innovations theory are varied and span multiple disciplines.
City properA city proper is the geographical area contained within city limits. The term proper is not exclusive to cities; it can describe the geographical area within the boundaries of any given locality. The United Nations defines the term as "the single political jurisdiction which contains the historical city centre." City proper is one of the three basic concepts used to define urban areas and populations. The other two are urban agglomeration, and the metropolitan area.
Dynkin diagramIn the mathematical field of Lie theory, a Dynkin diagram, named for Eugene Dynkin, is a type of graph with some edges doubled or tripled (drawn as a double or triple line). Dynkin diagrams arise in the classification of semisimple Lie algebras over algebraically closed fields, in the classification of Weyl groups and other finite reflection groups, and in other contexts. Various properties of the Dynkin diagram (such as whether it contains multiple edges, or its symmetries) correspond to important features of the associated Lie algebra.
Lois de Fickvignette|250px|La diffusion moléculaire d'un point de vue microscopique et macroscopique. Les molécules solubles sur le côté gauche de la barrière (ligne violette) diffusent pour remplir le volume complet. En haut : une seule molécule se déplace aléatoirement. Au milieu : Le soluté remplit le volume disponible par marche aléatoire. En bas : au niveau macroscopique, le côté aléatoire devient indétectable. Le soluté se déplace des zones où les concentrations sont élevées vers les zones à concentrations plus faibles.
Principles of intelligent urbanismPrinciples of intelligent urbanism (PIU) is a theory of urban planning composed of a set of ten axioms intended to guide the formulation of city plans and urban designs. They are intended to reconcile and integrate diverse urban planning and management concerns. These axioms include environmental sustainability, heritage conservation, appropriate technology, infrastructure-efficiency, placemaking, social access, transit-oriented development, regional integration, human scale, and institutional integrity.
Auto-organisationL'auto-organisation ou autoorganisation est un phénomène par lequel un système s'organise lui-même. Les systèmes physiques, biologiques ou écologiques, sociaux, ont tendance à s'organiser d'eux-mêmes. Il s'agit soit de l'organisation initiale du système lors de son émergence spontanée, soit lorsque le système existe déjà de l'apparition d'une organisation plus ou complexe. L'auto-organisation agit ainsi à l'encontre de l'entropie (on parle alors de néguentropie), qui est une mesure de désordre.
