Projet Génome humainvignette|Le génome humain est constitué de l'ensemble de l'information portée par nos 23 paires de chromosomes. Le (PGH, ou HGP pour l'anglais Human Genome Project) est un programme lancé fin 1988 dont la mission était d'établir le séquençage complet de l'ADN du génome humain. Son achèvement a été annoncé le . Le nouveau projet lancé dans la foulée en , ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements), donne des résultats importants sur l'ADN non codant humain.
Massive parallel sequencingMassive parallel sequencing or massively parallel sequencing is any of several high-throughput approaches to DNA sequencing using the concept of massively parallel processing; it is also called next-generation sequencing (NGS) or second-generation sequencing. Some of these technologies emerged between 1993 and 1998 and have been commercially available since 2005. These technologies use miniaturized and parallelized platforms for sequencing of 1 million to 43 billion short reads (50 to 400 bases each) per instrument run.
Migration humainethumb|right|350px|Solde migratoire en 2016 Une migration humaine est un déplacement du lieu de vie d’individus. Les statistiques officielles évaluent entre 185 et 192 millions le nombre de migrants internationaux pour les années 2000, pour les personnes ayant quitté leur pays pour vivre et se fixer dans un autre pays pour au moins un an. Ce nombre augmente de 2 % par an . Il mesure un stock et comprend la migration volontaire et la migration forcée.
Demographic historyDemographic history is the reconstructed record of human population in the past. Given the lack of population records prior to the 1950s, there are many gaps in our record of demographic history. Historical demographers must make do with estimates, models and extrapolations. For the demographic methodology, see historical demography. World population estimates Estimating the ancestral population of anatomically modern humans, Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones chose bounds based on gorilla and chimpanzee population densities of 1/km2 and 3-4/km2, respectively, then assumed that as Homo erectus moved up the food chain, they lost an order of magnitude in density.
Evolutionary developmental psychologyEvolutionary developmental psychology (EDP) is a research paradigm that applies the basic principles of evolution by natural selection, to understand the development of human behavior and cognition. It involves the study of both the genetic and environmental mechanisms that underlie the development of social and cognitive competencies, as well as the epigenetic (gene-environment interactions) processes that adapt these competencies to local conditions.
European emigrationEuropean emigration is the successive emigration waves from the European continent to other continents. The origins of the various European diasporas can be traced to the people who left the European nation states or stateless ethnic communities on the European continent. From 1500 to the mid-20th century, 60-65 million people left Europe, of which less than 9% went to tropical areas (the Caribbean, Asia, and Africa).
Essai sur le principe de populationLe livre Essai sur le principe de population (titre original An Essay on the Principle of Population) est un ouvrage de Thomas Malthus. Il est d'abord publié anonymement en 1798 par l'éditeur J. Johnson à Londres. L'auteur est rapidement identifié comme étant le révérend Thomas Robert Malthus. Même si ce n'est pas le premier livre sur la population, il est considéré comme étant le plus important de son époque.
Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionMolecular Phylogenetics and Evolution is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of evolutionary biology and phylogenetics. The journal is edited by E.A. Zimmer.
Candidate geneThe candidate gene approach to conducting genetic association studies focuses on associations between genetic variation within pre-specified genes of interest, and phenotypes or disease states. This is in contrast to genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which is a hypothesis-free approach that scans the entire genome for associations between common genetic variants (typically SNPs) and traits of interest. Candidate genes are most often selected for study based on a priori knowledge of the gene's biological functional impact on the trait or disease in question.
OverpopulationOverpopulation or overabundance is a phenomenon in which a species' population becomes larger than the carrying capacity of its environment. This may be caused by increased birth rates, lowered mortality rates, reduced predation or large scale migration, leading to an overabundant species and other animals in the ecosystem competing for food, space, and resources. The animals in an overpopulated area may then be forced to migrate to areas not typically inhabited, or die off without access to necessary resources.
