Shear strength (soil)Shear strength is a term used in soil mechanics to describe the magnitude of the shear stress that a soil can sustain. The shear resistance of soil is a result of friction and interlocking of particles, and possibly cementation or bonding of particle contacts. Due to interlocking, particulate material may expand or contract in volume as it is subject to shear strains. If soil expands its volume, the density of particles will decrease and the strength will decrease; in this case, the peak strength would be followed by a reduction of shear stress.
Thermal energy storageThermal energy storage (TES) is achieved with widely different technologies. Depending on the specific technology, it allows excess thermal energy to be stored and used hours, days, months later, at scales ranging from the individual process, building, multiuser-building, district, town, or region. Usage examples are the balancing of energy demand between daytime and nighttime, storing summer heat for winter heating, or winter cold for summer air conditioning (Seasonal thermal energy storage).
Volume (thermodynamics)In thermodynamics, the volume of a system is an important extensive parameter for describing its thermodynamic state. The specific volume, an intensive property, is the system's volume per unit of mass. Volume is a function of state and is interdependent with other thermodynamic properties such as pressure and temperature. For example, volume is related to the pressure and temperature of an ideal gas by the ideal gas law. The physical volume of a system may or may not coincide with a control volume used to analyze the system.
Consolidation (sol)La consolidation est, selon K. von Terzaghi, . Le plus souvent c'est par tassement, sous l'action à long terme des charges statiques, que s'effectue cette compaction avec expulsion de l'eau interstitielle. L'étude du phénomène de consolidation est essentielle dans la compréhension des phénomènes de tassement en construction. Elle est une composante de la mécanique des fondations. Il existe différentes méthodes pour prédire l'amplitude du tassement par consolidation.
Dilatation thermiqueLa dilatation thermique est l'expansion à pression constante du volume d'un corps occasionné par son réchauffement, généralement imperceptible. Dans le cas d'un gaz, il y a dilatation à pression constante ou maintien du volume et augmentation de la pression lorsque la température augmente. À l'opposé de la dilatation, un refroidissement provoque une contraction thermique. Dans un solide, les atomes possèdent une énergie thermique et vibrent autour de leur position moyenne.
Soil morphologySoil morphology is the branch of soil science dedicated to the technical description of soil, particularly physical properties including texture, color, structure, and consistence. Morphological evaluations of soil are typically performed in the field on a soil profile containing multiple horizons. Along with soil formation and soil classification, soil morphology is considered part of pedology, one of the central disciplines of soil science.
Essai triaxialL’essai triaxial est une méthode de laboratoire courante pour mesurer les caractéristiques mécaniques des matériaux granulaires, en particulier celles des sols (par ex. le sable, l’argile), des roches et des poudres. Il existe plusieurs variantes de cet essai, aujourd'hui entièrement normalisé. vignette|L'essai danois. vignette|Enregistrement typique d'un essai triaxial. vignette|Bandes de cisaillement dans une argile verte.
Taxonomie des solsLa taxonomie des sols est une classification des basée sur leurs relations naturelles. La taxinomie des sols a pour objectif « d'avoir des hiérarchies de classes qui permettent de comprendre les relations entre les sols et également entre les sols et les facteurs responsables de leurs caractères ». La taxinomie est un terme plus étroit que la classification car elle exclut les usages pratiques spécifiques pour ne s'intéresser qu'aux relations naturelles.
Stress–strain analysisStress–strain analysis (or stress analysis) is an engineering discipline that uses many methods to determine the stresses and strains in materials and structures subjected to forces. In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other, while strain is the measure of the deformation of the material. In simple terms we can define stress as the force of resistance per unit area, offered by a body against deformation.
Yield (engineering)In materials science and engineering, the yield point is the point on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior. Below the yield point, a material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yield point is passed, some fraction of the deformation will be permanent and non-reversible and is known as plastic deformation.
