Vibrio choleraeVibrio cholerae (le vibrion cholérique ou le bacille virgule en français) est une bactérie à gram négatif, en forme de bâtonnet incurvé, mobile et responsable chez l'Homme du choléra, une maladie épidémique contagieuse. Pendant des siècles, la maladie reste inconnue en Europe, se propageant surtout en Asie et en Afrique. La première mention de cette maladie en Europe est faite en 1503 par un officier portugais revenant des Indes, racontant une maladie y ayant fait morts.
Matière fécale humainevignette|Matière fécale humaine. La matière fécale humaine ou les fèces humaines diffèrent grandement d'apparence, en fonction de l'état de l'ensemble de l'appareil digestif, qui subit lui-même l'influence du régime alimentaire et de la santé. Normalement, elles sont semi-solides et enrobées de mucus. De petits morceaux de selles plus dures, moins humides peuvent s'être incrustées dans l'extrémité distale (ce qui est normal lorsqu'un mouvement péristaltique du côlon est incomplet, et que des fèces retournent du rectum vers l'intestin, où l'eau est absorbée).
Fecal coliformA fecal coliform (British: faecal coliform) is a facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-sporulating bacterium. Coliform bacteria generally originate in the intestines of warm-blooded animals. Fecal coliforms are capable of growth in the presence of bile salts or similar surface agents, are oxidase negative, and produce acid and gas from lactose within 48 hours at 44 ± 0.5°C. The term "thermotolerant coliform" is more correct and is gaining acceptance over "fecal coliform".
CoccidieCoccidia (Coccidiasina) are a subclass of microscopic, spore-forming, single-celled obligate intracellular parasites belonging to the apicomplexan class Conoidasida. As obligate intracellular parasites, they must live and reproduce within an animal cell. Coccidian parasites infect the intestinal tracts of animals, and are the largest group of apicomplexan protozoa. Infection with these parasites is known as coccidiosis. Coccidia can infect all mammals, some birds, some fish, some reptiles, and some amphibians.
Conditional probability tableIn statistics, the conditional probability table (CPT) is defined for a set of discrete and mutually dependent random variables to display conditional probabilities of a single variable with respect to the others (i.e., the probability of each possible value of one variable if we know the values taken on by the other variables). For example, assume there are three random variables where each has states.
Indicator organismIndicator organisms are used as a proxy to monitor conditions in a particular environment, ecosystem, area, habitat, or consumer product. Certain bacteria, fungi and helminth eggs are being used for various purposes. indicator bacteria Certain bacteria can be used as indicator organisms in particular situations, such as when present in bodies of water. Indicator bacteria themselves may not be pathogenic but their presence in waste may indicate the presence of other pathogens.
Community-led total sanitationCommunity-led total sanitation (CLTS) is an approach used mainly in developing countries to improve sanitation and hygiene practices in a community. The approach tries to achieve behavior change in mainly rural people by a process of "triggering", leading to spontaneous and long-term abandonment of open defecation practices. It focuses on spontaneous and long-lasting behavior change of an entire community. The term "triggering" is central to the CLTS process: It refers to ways of igniting community interest in ending open defecation, usually by building simple toilets, such as pit latrines.
Toilet (room)A toilet is a small room used for privately accessing the sanitation fixture (toilet) for urination and defecation. Toilet rooms often include a sink (basin) with soap/handwash for handwashing, as this is important for personal hygiene. These rooms are typically referred to as "half-bathrooms" (half-baths; half of a whole or full-bathroom) in a private residence. This room is commonly known as a "bathroom" in American English, a lavatory or loo in the United Kingdom, a "washroom" in Canadian English, and by many other names across the English-speaking world.
