Bacterial cell structureThe bacterium, despite its simplicity, contains a well-developed cell structure which is responsible for some of its unique biological structures and pathogenicity. Many structural features are unique to bacteria and are not found among archaea or eukaryotes. Because of the simplicity of bacteria relative to larger organisms and the ease with which they can be manipulated experimentally, the cell structure of bacteria has been well studied, revealing many biochemical principles that have been subsequently applied to other organisms.
Antibiotique bêta-lactamineLes bêta-lactamines (β-lactamines) ou antibiotiques β-lactame sont une large classe d'antibiotiques qui comprennent les dérivés de la pénicilline, les céphalosporines, les monobactames, les carbapénèmes et les inhibiteurs de la β-lactamase, en bref, tout antibiotique qui contient un noyau β-lactame dans sa structure moléculaire. Ces molécules possèdent un noyau (cycle bêta-lactame) qui est la partie efficace de la molécule. Des variations au niveau de la chaîne latérale naturelle ou greffée permettent de modifier les propriétés de la molécule antibiotique.
Antibiotic misuseAntibiotic misuse, sometimes called antibiotic abuse or antibiotic overuse, refers to the misuse or overuse of antibiotics, with potentially serious effects on health. It is a contributing factor to the development of antibiotic resistance, including the creation of multidrug-resistant bacteria, informally called "super bugs": relatively harmless bacteria (such as Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Acinetobacter) can develop resistance to multiple antibiotics and cause life-threatening infections.
Pollution de l'eauvignette|Les détritus de type déchets ménagers sont souvent indicateurs de pollutions (métaux lourds, micro-organismes) posant des problèmes de santé publique, notamment dans les régions où les eaux de surfaces sont utilisées pour la boisson, la lessive, la vaisselle, se laver, faire la cuisine, etc.). vignette|Les pollutions les plus spectaculaires (par des sels de fer ici) ne sont pas toujours les plus toxiques, mais de fortes concentrations d'un produit non réputé toxique (fer, sel par exemple) peuvent faire disparaître la plupart des formes de vie.
Persister cellsPersister cells are subpopulations of cells that resist treatment, and become antimicrobial tolerant by changing to a state of dormancy or quiescence. Persister cells in their dormancy do not divide. The tolerance shown in persister cells differs from antimicrobial resistance in that the tolerance is not inherited and is reversible. When treatment has stopped the state of dormancy can be reversed and the cells can reactivate and multiply.
Phyla bactériensalt=|vignette|500x500px|Arbre phylogénétique illustrant la diversité des bactéries (en bleu), comparée aux autres organismes (eucaryotes en rouge et archées en vert). Les phyla bactériens constituent les principaux taxons, au niveau du phylum, du domaine des Eubacteria. Dans la classification scientifique du vivant établie par Linné, chaque souche bactérienne est assignée à une espèce (nomenclature binominale), correspondant à un niveau inférieur dans la hiérarchie des groupes taxonomiques.
Adhésine bactérienneAdhesins are cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion or adherence to other cells or to surfaces, usually in the host they are infecting or living in. Adhesins are a type of virulence factor. Adherence is an essential step in bacterial pathogenesis or infection, required for colonizing a new host. Adhesion and bacterial adhesins are also a potential target for prophylaxis or treatment of bacterial infections. Bacteria are typically found attached to and living in close association with surfaces.
Bacterial taxonomyBacterial taxonomy is subfield of taxonomy devoted to the classification of bacteria specimens into taxonomic ranks. In the scientific classification established by Carl Linnaeus, each species is assigned to a genus resulting in a two-part name. This name denotes the two lowest levels in a hierarchy of ranks, increasingly larger groupings of species based on common traits. Of these ranks, domains are the most general level of categorization. Presently, scientists classify all life into just three domains, Eukaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea.
Shrimp and prawn as foodShrimp and prawn are types of seafood that are consumed worldwide. Although shrimp and prawns belong to different suborders of Decapoda, they are very similar in appearance and the terms are often used interchangeably in commercial farming and wild fisheries. A distinction is drawn in recent aquaculture literature, which increasingly uses the term "prawn" only for the freshwater forms of palaemonids and "shrimp" for the marine penaeids. In the United Kingdom, the word "prawn" is more common on menus than "shrimp"; the opposite is the case in North America.
Staphylococcus aureus résistant à la méticillinevignette|Souche de SARM, en microscopie électronique vignette|Microscopie électronique, colorée vignette|Rupture d'un kyste infecté par une souche SARM vignette|Image de microscopie électronique à balayage (fausses couleur) de quatre staphylocoques aureus résistants à la méticilline en train de se faire ingérer par un globule blanc (neutrophile) Le Staphylococcus aureus résistant à la méticilline (SARM) ou, en Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) est un Staphylococcus aureus (couramment appelé
