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Control of Waterborne Human Viruses by Indigenous Bacteria and Protists Is Influenced by Temperature, Virus Type, and Microbial Species

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Transfer of enteric viruses (adenovirus and coxsackievirus) and bacteriophage (MS2) from liquid to human skin

Tamar Kohn, Timothy R. Julian

Indirect exposure to waterborne viruses increases risk of infection, especially amongst children with frequent hand-to-mouth contacts. Here, we quantified the transfer of one bacteriophage (MS2) and two enteric viruses (adenovirus and coxsackievirus) from ...

2018

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Disinfection is an important step in (waste)water treatment to prevent the transmission of waterborne diseases. Ozone is an effective disinfectants against all types of waterborne pathogens, including viruses. While ozone has typically been used to treat d ...

2017

Genotypic, phenotypic and mechanistic insights into viruses with resistance to common water disinfectants

Qingxia Zhong

Infectious diseases caused by waterborne viruses contribute to the global disease burden. An effective barrier to prevent the discharge of waterborne viruses is a disinfection step, yet disinfection is not always efficient at inactivating viruses. This the ...

EPFL2017

Virus inactivation in stored human urine, sludge and animal manure under typical conditions of storage or mesophilic anaerobic digestion

Tamar Kohn, Loïc Decrey

Viruses represent major disease transmitting agents carried by human excreta and animal manure. Understanding virus inactivation is therefore essential in preventing microbial spread due to inadequate treatment of these materials. Here, we investigated the ...

Royal Soc Chemistry2017

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Human enteric viruses are a leading cause of waterborne disease outbreak worldwide. Their environmental persistence and resistance to disinfection treatments are two main factors that can influence the dissemination of these viruses, thus increasing the ri ...

2016

Sunlight is known to be a pertinent factor governing the infectivity of waterborne viruses in the environment. Sunlight inactivates viruses via endogenous inactivation (promoted by absorption of UVB sunlight by the virus) and exogenous processes (promoted ...

Elsevier2016

Multi-resistance of human enterovirus to UV-C disinfection and mutagenic nucleoside analogs

Tamar Kohn, Anna Carratala Ripolles, Virginie Bachmann, Qingxia Zhong

Disinfection is an important strategy to control the environmental transmission of human viruses. Specifically, UV254 is increasingly used to disinfect from clinical items or surfaces to drinking water. RNA virus populations have high mutation rates and la ...

2016

Solar disinfection (SODIS) of viruses in PET bottles

Tamar Kohn, Anna Carratala Ripolles, Michael Jon Mattle, Alex Dionisio Calado

Solar disinfection of drinking water in PET bottles (SODIS) is a simple point-of-use technique efficient for the inactivation of many bacterial pathogens. In contrast, the efficiency of SODIS toward viruses is not well known. In this work, we studied the i ...

American Society for Microbiology2016

Ammonia as an in-situ sanitizer: influence of virus genome type on inactivation

Tamar Kohn, Loïc Decrey, Shinobu Kazama

Treatment of human excreta and animal manure (HEAM) is key in controlling the spread of persistent enteric pathogens such as viruses. The extent of virus inactivation during HEAM storage and treatment appeared to vary with virus genome type, though the rea ...

American Society for Microbiology2016

Effects as Implicit Capabilities

Martin Odersky

We propose to investigate a new approach to effect checking that has an elegant solution to the effect polymorphism problem. The central idea is that instead of talking about effects we talk about capabilities. For instance, instead of saying a function “t ...

2015