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Progress in the analysis of membrane protein structure and function

Résumé

Structural information on membrane proteins is sparse, yet they represent an important class of proteins that is encoded by about 30% of all genes. Progress has primarily been achieved with bacterial proteins, but efforts to solve the structure of eukaryotic membrane proteins are also increasing. Most of the structures currently available have been obtained by exploiting the power of X-ray crystallography. Recent results, however, have demonstrated the accuracy of electron crystallography and the imaging power of the atomic force microscope. These instruments allow membrane proteins to be studied while embedded in the bi-layer, and thus in a functional state. The low signal-to-noise ratio of cryo-electron microscopy is overcome by crystallizing membrane proteins in a two-dimensional protein-lipid membrane, allowing its atomic structure to be determined. In contrast, the high signal-to-noise ratio of atomic force microscopy allows individual protein surfaces to be imaged at subnanometer resolution, and their conformational states to be sampled. This review summarizes the steps in membrane protein structure determination and illuminates recent progress. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. on behalf of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies.

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Concepts associés (32)
Protéine membranaire intégrale
vignette|Exemples de protéines membranaires polytopiques. vignette|Exemples de protéines membranaires monotopiques. Une protéine membranaire intégrale, ou protéine intégrale de membrane, est une protéine en interaction permanente avec une membrane biologique. Toutes les protéines transmembranaires sont des protéines membranaires intégrales, mais toutes les protéines membranaires intégrales ne sont pas nécessairement transmembranaires.
Membrane plasmique
La membrane plasmique, également appelée membrane cellulaire, membrane cytoplasmique, voire plasmalemme, est une membrane biologique séparant l'intérieur d'une cellule, appelé cytoplasme, de son environnement extérieur, c'est-à-dire du milieu extracellulaire. Cette membrane joue un rôle biologique fondamental en isolant la cellule de son environnement.
Protéine membranaire périphérique
redresse=1.67|vignette|Représentation des différents types d'interaction entre protéines membranaires monotopiques et membrane biologique : (1) interaction par une hélice α amphiphile parallèle au plan de la membrane ; (2) interaction par une boucle hydrophobe ; (3) interaction par un lipide membranaire lié par covalence (lipidation) ; (4) interaction électrostatique ou ionique avec les lipides membranaires (par exemple par l'intermédiaire de cations de calcium Ca).
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