Mass in special relativityThe word "mass" has two meanings in special relativity: invariant mass (also called rest mass) is an invariant quantity which is the same for all observers in all reference frames, while the relativistic mass is dependent on the velocity of the observer. According to the concept of mass–energy equivalence, invariant mass is equivalent to rest energy, while relativistic mass is equivalent to relativistic energy (also called total energy).
E=mc2L'équation (lire « E égale m c carré » ou « E égale m c deux ») est une formule d'équivalence entre la masse et l'énergie, rendue célèbre par Albert Einstein dans une publication en 1905 sur la relativité restreinte. Cette relation signifie qu'une particule de masse m isolée et au repos dans un référentiel possède, du fait de cette masse, une énergie E appelée énergie de masse, dont la valeur est donnée par le produit de m par le carré de la vitesse de la lumière dans le vide (c).
Electromagnetic massElectromagnetic mass was initially a concept of classical mechanics, denoting as to how much the electromagnetic field, or the self-energy, is contributing to the mass of charged particles. It was first derived by J. J. Thomson in 1881 and was for some time also considered as a dynamical explanation of inertial mass per se. Today, the relation of mass, momentum, velocity, and all forms of energy – including electromagnetic energy – is analyzed on the basis of Albert Einstein's special relativity and mass–energy equivalence.
Compactification (physics)In theoretical physics, compactification means changing a theory with respect to one of its space-time dimensions. Instead of having a theory with this dimension being infinite, one changes the theory so that this dimension has a finite length, and may also be periodic. Compactification plays an important part in thermal field theory where one compactifies time, in string theory where one compactifies the extra dimensions of the theory, and in two- or one-dimensional solid state physics, where one considers a system which is limited in one of the three usual spatial dimensions.
