Méson DThe D mesons are the lightest particle containing charm quarks. They are often studied to gain knowledge on the weak interaction. The strange D mesons (Ds) were called "F mesons" prior to 1986. The D mesons were discovered in 1976 by the Mark I detector at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Since the D mesons are the lightest mesons containing a single charm quark (or antiquark), they must change the charm (anti)quark into an (anti)quark of another type to decay.
Méson J/ψEn physique des particules, le J/ψ (ψ étant la lettre grecque psi) est un méson, une particule composée d'un quark et d'un antiquark. Le J/ψ est un méson sans saveur composé d'un quark charm et d'un antiquark charm. Les mésons composés d'une paire charm-anticharm sont généralement connus sous le terme générique de « charmonium » ; le J/ψ est le premier état excité de charmonium (c'est-à-dire la forme de charmonium possédant la deuxième plus petite masse). Le J/ψ possède une masse de 3 096,9 MeV.
Mass generationIn theoretical physics, a mass generation mechanism is a theory that describes the origin of mass from the most fundamental laws of physics. Physicists have proposed a number of models that advocate different views of the origin of mass. The problem is complicated because the primary role of mass is to mediate gravitational interaction between bodies, and no theory of gravitational interaction reconciles with the currently popular Standard Model of particle physics.
Invariant (physics)In theoretical physics, an invariant is an observable of a physical system which remains unchanged under some transformation. Invariance, as a broader term, also applies to the no change of form of physical laws under a transformation, and is closer in scope to the mathematical definition. Invariants of a system are deeply tied to the symmetries imposed by its environment. Invariance is an important concept in modern theoretical physics, and many theories are expressed in terms of their symmetries and invariants.
Unitarity gaugeIn theoretical physics, the unitarity gauge or unitary gauge is a particular choice of a gauge fixing in a gauge theory with a spontaneous symmetry breaking. In this gauge, the scalar fields responsible for the Higgs mechanism are transformed into a basis in which their Goldstone boson components are set to zero. In other words, the unitarity gauge makes the manifest number of scalar degrees of freedom minimal. The gauge was introduced to particle physics by Steven Weinberg in the context of the electroweak theory.
