Level of measurementLevel of measurement or scale of measure is a classification that describes the nature of information within the values assigned to variables. Psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens developed the best-known classification with four levels, or scales, of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. This framework of distinguishing levels of measurement originated in psychology and has since had a complex history, being adopted and extended in some disciplines and by some scholars, and criticized or rejected by others.
Neural networkA neural network can refer to a neural circuit of biological neurons (sometimes also called a biological neural network), a network of artificial neurons or nodes in the case of an artificial neural network. Artificial neural networks are used for solving artificial intelligence (AI) problems; they model connections of biological neurons as weights between nodes. A positive weight reflects an excitatory connection, while negative values mean inhibitory connections. All inputs are modified by a weight and summed.
Parallax in astronomyThe most important fundamental distance measurements in astronomy come from trigonometric parallax, as applied in the stellar parallax method. As the Earth orbits the Sun, the position of nearby stars will appear to shift slightly against the more distant background. These shifts are angles in an isosceles triangle, with 2 AU (the distance between the extreme positions of Earth's orbit around the Sun) making the base leg of the triangle and the distance to the star being the long equal-length legs.
Unité astronomiqueL'unité astronomique de longueur, ou de façon plus usuelle unité astronomique (en anglais : astronomical unit (of length)), est l'unité de longueur du système astronomique d'unités ; elle correspond approximativement à la distance entre la Terre et le Soleil, soit environ 150 millions de kilomètres. Son symbole agréé par le Bureau international des poids et mesures est « au », bien qu'elle soit encore couramment notée « AU », « ua » ou « UA » ; « ua » était la notation recommandée par l’Union astronomique internationale avant 2012.
