Plasticité fonction du temps d'occurrence des impulsionsLa (en Spike-timing-dependent plasticity, STDP) est un processus de modification du poids des synapses. Cette modification dépend du moment de déclenchement du potentiel d'action dans les neurones pré- et post-synaptique. Ce processus permettrait d'expliquer partiellement le développement cérébral et la mémorisation, en provoquant potentialisation à long terme (en Long-term potentiation, LTP) et dépression à long terme (en Long-term depression, LTD) des synapses.
Glial scarA glial scar formation (gliosis) is a reactive cellular process involving astrogliosis that occurs after injury to the central nervous system. As with scarring in other organs and tissues, the glial scar is the body's mechanism to protect and begin the healing process in the nervous system. In the context of neurodegeneration, formation of the glial scar has been shown to have both beneficial and detrimental effects.
Aerobic fermentationAerobic fermentation or aerobic glycolysis is a metabolic process by which cells metabolize sugars via fermentation in the presence of oxygen and occurs through the repression of normal respiratory metabolism. It is referred to as the Crabtree effect in yeast. and is part of the Warburg effect in tumor cells. While aerobic fermentation does not produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in high yield, it allows proliferating cells to convert nutrients such as glucose and glutamine more efficiently into biomass by avoiding unnecessary catabolic oxidation of such nutrients into carbon dioxide, preserving carbon-carbon bonds and promoting anabolism.
GlioseGliosis is a nonspecific reactive change of glial cells in response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS). In most cases, gliosis involves the proliferation or hypertrophy of several different types of glial cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. In its most extreme form, the proliferation associated with gliosis leads to the formation of a glial scar. The process of gliosis involves a series of cellular and molecular events that occur over several days.
Homeostatic plasticityIn neuroscience, homeostatic plasticity refers to the capacity of neurons to regulate their own excitability relative to network activity. The term homeostatic plasticity derives from two opposing concepts: 'homeostatic' (a product of the Greek words for 'same' and 'state' or 'condition') and plasticity (or 'change'), thus homeostatic plasticity means "staying the same through change". Homeostatic synaptic plasticity is a means of maintaining the synaptic basis for learning, respiration, and locomotion, in contrast to the Hebbian plasticity associated with learning and memory.
Effet WarburgL'expression « effet Warburg » est employée pour deux observations en biochimie n'ayant aucun lien entre elles, la première en physiologie des plantes et l'autre en oncologie. Ces deux observations sont à mettre au crédit du prix Nobel Otto Heinrich Warburg. En physiologie des plantes, l'effet Warburg correspond à la diminution du taux de photosynthèse à des concentrations élevées d'oxygène. L'oxygène est un inhibiteur compétitif de la fixation de dioxyde de carbone par la RuBisCO qui initie la photosynthèse.
Récepteur AMPALes récepteurs AMPA sont des récepteurs ionotropes activés par le glutamate. Ils sont perméables aux ions Na+ et K+. Ils sont spécifiquement activés par le -amino-3-hydroxy-5-méthylisoxazol-4-propionate (AMPA). Leurs activations ne nécessitent pas la présence d'un coagoniste. On les rencontre principalement dans la densité postsynaptique des synapses glutamatergiques, les plus abondantes du système nerveux central.
Cellule glialethumb|Des cellules gliales, ici des astrocytes, telles qu'on peut les voir au microscope par coloration de Golgi. Dans le système nerveux, les cellules gliales (parfois nevroglie ou tout simplement glie, du grec grc, « gluant ») sont les cellules qui forment l'environnement des neurones. Elles assurent le maintien de l'homéostasie, produisent la myéline et jouent un rôle de soutien et de protection du tissu nerveux en apportant les nutriments et l'oxygène, en éliminant les cellules mortes et en combattant les pathogènes.
Ionotropic glutamate receptorIonotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by the neurotransmitter glutamate. They mediate the majority of excitatory synaptic transmission throughout the central nervous system and are key players in synaptic plasticity, which is important for learning and memory. iGluRs have been divided into four subtypes on the basis of their ligand binding properties (pharmacology) and sequence similarity: AMPA receptors, kainate receptors, NMDA receptors and delta receptors (see below).
Chemical synapseChemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be sent to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought. They allow the nervous system to connect to and control other systems of the body. At a chemical synapse, one neuron releases neurotransmitter molecules into a small space (the synaptic cleft) that is adjacent to another neuron.
