Diffusion of innovationsDiffusion of innovations is a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread. The theory was popularized by Everett Rogers in his book Diffusion of Innovations, first published in 1962. Rogers argues that diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated over time among the participants in a social system. The origins of the diffusion of innovations theory are varied and span multiple disciplines.
Innovation ouverteL’Innovation ouverte ou Open Innovation en anglais, parfois aussi Innovation distribuée désignent dans les domaines de la recherche et du développement des modes d'innovation fondés sur le partage, la collaboration (entre parties prenantes). Cette approche est compatible avec une économie de marché (via les brevets et licences) et avec l'Intelligence économique, et permet des approches alternatives éthiques ou solidaires (économie solidaire) de partage libre des savoirs et savoir-faire modernes ou traditionnels, avec notamment l'utilisation de licences libres dans un esprit dit ODOSOS (qui signifie : Open Data, Open Source, Open Standards).
Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues are disruptions in the usual function of ecosystems. Further, these issues can be caused by humans (human impact on the environment) or they can be natural. These issues are considered serious when the ecosystem cannot recover in the present situation, and catastrophic if the ecosystem is projected to certainly collapse. Environmental protection is the practice of protecting the natural environment on the individual, organizational or governmental levels, for the benefit of both the environment and humans.
Economic ideologyAn economic ideology is a set of views forming the basis of an ideology on how the economy should run. It differentiates itself from economic theory in being normative rather than just explanatory in its approach, whereas the aim of economic theories is to create accurate explanatory models to describe how an economy currently functions. However, the two are closely interrelated, as underlying economic ideology influences the methodology and theory employed in analysis.
Socialvignette|L'urbanisation est un phénomène d'ordre social. Dans une définition large de la notion du social, on peut l'entendre comme l'expression de l'existence de relations et de communication entre les êtres vivants. Bien que toutes les espèces interagissent avec leur environnement, certains animaux sont qualifiés d'espèces sociales. Il en va de même pour certains insectes et plantes dont les comportements sociaux font objet d'études. Au sens commun, le terme social renvoie généralement à l'idée de solidarité, de sociabilité, et aux politiques sociales.
Framework WebUn framework Web ou framework d'application Web est un framework logiciel conçu pour prendre en charge le développement d'applications Web, notamment des services Web, des ressources Web et des API Web. Les frameworks Web fournissent un moyen standard de créer et de déployer des applications Web sur le World Wide Web. Les frameworks Web visent à automatiser les mécanismes les plus courants du développement Web.
Spring (framework)En informatique, Spring est un framework open source pour construire et définir l'infrastructure d'une application Java, dont il facilite le développement et les tests. En 2004, Rod Johnson a écrit le livre Expert One-on-One J2EE Design and Development qui explique les raisons de la création de Spring. Spring est considéré comme un conteneur dit « léger ». La raison de ce nommage est expliquée par Erik Gollot dans l’introduction du document Introduction au framework Spring.
Focused information criterionIn statistics, the focused information criterion (FIC) is a method for selecting the most appropriate model among a set of competitors for a given data set. Unlike most other model selection strategies, like the Akaike information criterion (AIC), the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and the deviance information criterion (DIC), the FIC does not attempt to assess the overall fit of candidate models but focuses attention directly on the parameter of primary interest with the statistical analysis, say , for which competing models lead to different estimates, say for model .
Théorie socialeSocial theories are analytical frameworks, or paradigms, that are used to study and interpret social phenomena. A tool used by social scientists, social theories relate to historical debates over the validity and reliability of different methodologies (e.g. positivism and antipositivism), the primacy of either structure or agency, as well as the relationship between contingency and necessity.
PolicyPolicy is a deliberate system of guidelines to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent and is implemented as a procedure or protocol. Policies are generally adopted by a governance body within an organization. Policies can assist in both subjective and objective decision making. Policies used in subjective decision-making usually assist senior management with decisions that must be based on the relative merits of a number of factors, and as a result, are often hard to test objectively, e.
