Urban renaissanceThe urban renaissance of the United Kingdom is the recent period of repopulation and regeneration of many British cities, including Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, and parts of London after a period of inner city urban decay and suburbanisation during the mid-20th century. The most common equivalent term used in North America is New Urbanism. Urban regeneration was achieved through a number of initiatives including tax incentives and the lifting of some urban planning restrictions, as well as positive state intervention encouraging business and residents back into city centre areas.
Principles of intelligent urbanismPrinciples of intelligent urbanism (PIU) is a theory of urban planning composed of a set of ten axioms intended to guide the formulation of city plans and urban designs. They are intended to reconcile and integrate diverse urban planning and management concerns. These axioms include environmental sustainability, heritage conservation, appropriate technology, infrastructure-efficiency, placemaking, social access, transit-oriented development, regional integration, human scale, and institutional integrity.
Système mixteLes systèmes mixtes sont des systèmes électoraux dans lesquels on intègre (scrutin mixte à finalité proportionnelle) ou bien on adjoint (scrutin parallèle) un scrutin majoritaire à un scrutin proportionnel afin d'élire une assemblée législative. Dans certains cas, il s'agit de compenser les conséquences de la surreprésentation d'une liste ayant obtenu le plus de voix dans le cadre d'un scrutin majoritaire. Cela a pour effet que des listes minoritaires soient quand même représentées au sein de l'assemblée concernée.
