Thermal quantum field theoryIn theoretical physics, thermal quantum field theory (thermal field theory for short) or finite temperature field theory is a set of methods to calculate expectation values of physical observables of a quantum field theory at finite temperature. In the Matsubara formalism, the basic idea (due to Felix Bloch) is that the expectation values of operators in a canonical ensemble may be written as expectation values in ordinary quantum field theory where the configuration is evolved by an imaginary time .
Electron scatteringElectron scattering occurs when electrons are displaced from their original trajectory. This is due to the electrostatic forces within matter interaction or, if an external magnetic field is present, the electron may be deflected by the Lorentz force. This scattering typically happens with solids such as metals, semiconductors and insulators; and is a limiting factor in integrated circuits and transistors.
Divergent boundaryIn plate tectonics, a divergent boundary or divergent plate boundary (also known as a constructive boundary or an extensional boundary) is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other. Divergent boundaries within continents initially produce rifts, which eventually become rift valleys. Most active divergent plate boundaries occur between oceanic plates and exist as mid-oceanic ridges.
École de Nancy (psychologie)vignette|Le docteur Liébeault debout (à gauche) parmi ses patients dans sa clinique de Nancy en 1873. L', aussi appelée , est, avec l'École de la Salpêtrière, l'une des deux grandes écoles ayant contribué à l'« âge d'or » de l'hypnose en France de 1882 à 1892. Elle est composée du médecin Ambroise-Auguste Liébeault, du professeur de médecine Hippolyte Bernheim, du juriste Jules Liégeois et du médecin Henri Beaunis. La méthode thérapeutique de Liébeault et Bernheim est caractérisée par une hypnose « autoritaire », fondée sur l'usage de suggestions directes du type ou .
