Power system operations and controlPower system operations is a term used in electricity generation to describe the process of decision-making on the timescale from one day (day-ahead operation) to minutes prior to the power delivery. The term power system control describes actions taken in response to unplanned disturbances (e.g., changes in demand or equipment failures) in order to provide reliable electric supply of acceptable quality. The corresponding engineering branch is called Power System Operations and Control.
Peaking power plantPeaking power plants, also known as peaker plants, and occasionally just "peakers", are power plants that generally run only when there is a high demand, known as peak demand, for electricity. Because they supply power only occasionally, the power supplied commands a much higher price per kilowatt hour than base load power. Peak load power plants are dispatched in combination with base load power plants, which supply a dependable and consistent amount of electricity, to meet the minimum demand.
Droit de douaneLe droit de douane ou tarif douanier est une taxe prélevée sur une marchandise à importer dès que celle-ci franchit la frontière de l’autre pays. Il constitue l'un des principaux instruments du protectionnisme : en rendant plus chers les produits étrangers importés, cette pratique cherche à en décourager la consommation et à favoriser les industries locales. Il est utilisé pour favoriser l'industrialisation par substitution aux importations. Ces droits peuvent être forfaitaires ou représenter un pourcentage du prix (droits « »).
Grid balancingGrid balancing ensures that electricity consumption matches electricity production of an electrical grid at any moment. Electricity is by its nature difficult to store and has to be available on demand, so the supply shall match the demand very closely at any time despite the continuous variations of both. In a deregulated grid, a transmission system operator is responsible for the balancing (in the US electric system smaller entities, so called balancing authorities, are in charge, overseen by reliability coordinators).
Black startA black start is the process of restoring an electric power station or a part of an electric grid to operation without relying on the external electric power transmission network to recover from a total or partial shutdown. Power to restart a generating station may come from an on-site standby generator. Alternatively, where a large amount of power is required, a tie-line to another generating plant may be used to start the facility. Once the main generating units are running, the electrical transmission network can be re-connected and electrical loads restored.
ProtectionnismeLe protectionnisme est une politique économique et fiscale interventionniste, menée par un État ou un groupe d'États, afin de protéger et favoriser les producteurs nationaux contre la concurrence des producteurs étrangers. Le protectionnisme est opposé au libre-échange (dont le résultat majeur actuel est la mondialisation des échanges) et à la théorie de l'avantage comparatif. Les mesures protectionnistes consistent essentiellement à freiner les importations (barrières douanières, quotas d'importation, réglementations gouvernementales, normes techniques ou sanitaires.
