Spurious relationshipIn statistics, a spurious relationship or spurious correlation is a mathematical relationship in which two or more events or variables are associated but not causally related, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third, unseen factor (referred to as a "common response variable", "confounding factor", or "lurking variable"). An example of a spurious relationship can be found in the time-series literature, where a spurious regression is a one that provides misleading statistical evidence of a linear relationship between independent non-stationary variables.
Direct sumThe direct sum is an operation between structures in abstract algebra, a branch of mathematics. It is defined differently, but analogously, for different kinds of structures. To see how the direct sum is used in abstract algebra, consider a more elementary kind of structure, the abelian group. The direct sum of two abelian groups and is another abelian group consisting of the ordered pairs where and . To add ordered pairs, we define the sum to be ; in other words addition is defined coordinate-wise.
Histoire naturelleLe terme d’histoire naturelle est apparu en français au pour désigner les livres décrivant les objets de la nature. Au , le Muséum national d'histoire naturelle propose une définition du terme : Historiquement, c'est l'enquête, la description de tout ce qui est visible dans le monde naturel : animal, végétal, minéral. Le Manifeste du Muséum (2017) précise que l'étude de la diversité des sociétés humaines fait partie intégrante de l'histoire naturelle : le musée de l'Homme, musée d'anthropologie, fait d'ailleurs partie du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, qui dispose de plusieurs chaires d'anthropologie.
