Euclid preparation: VII. Forecast validation for Euclid cosmological probes

Slobodan Ilic, Maurizio Martinelli, Richard Massey, Georges Meylan, Jean-Luc Starck, Yi Wang
EDP SCIENCES S A, 2020
Article

Résumé

Aims. The Euclid space telescope will measure the shapes and redshifts of galaxies to reconstruct the expansion history of the Universe and the growth of cosmic structures. The estimation of the expected performance of the experiment, in terms of predicted constraints on cosmological parameters, has so far relied on various individual methodologies and numerical implementations, which were developed for different observational probes and for the combination thereof. In this paper we present validated forecasts, which combine both theoretical and observational ingredients for different cosmological probes. This work is presented to provide the community with reliable numerical codes and methods for Euclid cosmological forecasts.Methods. We describe in detail the methods adopted for Fisher matrix forecasts, which were applied to galaxy clustering, weak lensing, and the combination thereof. We estimated the required accuracy for Euclid forecasts and outline a methodology for their development. We then compare and improve different numerical implementations, reaching uncertainties on the errors of cosmological parameters that are less than the required precision in all cases. Furthermore, we provide details on the validated implementations, some of which are made publicly available, in different programming languages, together with a reference training-set of input and output matrices for a set of specific models. These can be used by the reader to validate their own implementations if required.Results. We present new cosmological forecasts for Euclid. We find that results depend on the specific cosmological model and remaining freedom in each setting, for example flat or non-flat spatial cosmologies, or different cuts at non-linear scales. The numerical implementations are now reliable for these settings. We present the results for an optimistic and a pessimistic choice for these types of settings. We demonstrate that the impact of cross-correlations is particularly relevant for models beyond a cosmological constant and may allow us to increase the dark energy figure of merit by at least a factor of three.

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Slobodan Ilic, Maurizio Martinelli, Richard Massey, Georges Meylan, Jean-Luc Starck, Yi Wang
EDP SCIENCES S A, 2020
Article

Résumé

Official source

https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/281882?ln=fr

À propos de ce résultat

Concepts associés (25)

Concepts associés

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Publications associées (28)

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, , , , , , ,

We present the cosmological implications from final measurements of clustering using galaxies, quasars, and Ly alpha forests from the completed Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) lineage of experiments in large-scale structure. These experiments, composed of data from SDSS, SDSS-II, BOSS, and eBOSS, offer independent measurements of baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements of angular-diameter distances and Hubble distances relative to the sound horizon, r(d), from eight different samples and six measurements of the growth rate parameter, f sigma(g), from redshift-space distortions (RSD). This composite sample is the most constraining of its kind and allows us to perform a comprehensive assessment of the cosmological model after two decades of dedicated spectroscopic observation. We show that the BAO data alone are able to rule out dark-energy-free models at more than eight standard deviations in an extension to the flat, Lambda CDM model that allows for curvature. When combined with Planck Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) measurements of temperature and polarization, under the same model, the BAO data provide nearly an order of magnitude improvement on curvature constraints relative to primary CMB constraints alone. Independent of distance measurements, the SDSS RSD data complement weak lensing measurements from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) in demonstrating a preference for a flat Lambda CDM cosmological model when combined with Planck measurements. The combined BAO and RSD measurements indicate a sigma(g) = 0.85 +/- 0.03, implying a growth rate that is consistent with predictions from Planck temperature and polarization data and with General Relativity. When combining the results of SDSS BAO and RSD, Planck, Pantheon Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), and DES weak lensing and clustering measurements, all multiple-parameter extensions remain consistent with a Lambda CDM model. Regardless of cosmological model, the precision on each of the three parameters, Omega(Lambda), H-0, and sigma(g), remains at roughly 1%, showing changes of less than 0.6% in the central values between models. In a model that allows for free curvature and a time-evolving equation of state for dark energy, the combined samples produce a constraint Omega(k) = -0.0022 +/- 0.0022. The dark energy constraints lead to w(0) = -0.909 +/- 0.081 and w(a) = -049(-0.30)(+0.35), corresponding to an equation of state of w(p) = -1.018 +/- 0.032 at a pivot redshift z(p) = 0.29 and a Dark Energy Task Force Figure of Merit of 94. The inverse distance ladder measurement under this model yields H-0 = 68.18 +/- 0.79 km s(-1) Mpc(-1) , remaining in tension with several direct determination methods; the BAO data allow Hubble constant estimates that are robust against the assumption of the cosmological model. In addition, the BAO data allow estimates of H-0 that are independent of the CMB data, with similar central values and precision under a Lambda CDM model. Our most constraining combination of data gives the upper limit on the sum of neutrino masses at Sigma m(v) < 0.115 eV (95% confidence). Finally, we consider the improvements in cosmology constraints over the last decade by comparing our results to a sample representative of the period 2000-2010. We compute the relative gain across the five dimensions spanned by w, Omega(k) , Sigma m(v),H-0, and sigma(g) and find that the SDSS BAO and RSD data reduce the total posterior volume by a factor of 40 relative to the previous generation. Adding again the Planck, DES, and Pantheon SN Ia samples leads to an overall contraction in the five-dimensional posterior volume of 3 orders of magnitude.

AMER PHYSICAL SOC2021

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Weak Gravitational Lensing by Large-Scale Structures

Marc Gentile

There is now very strong evidence that our Universe is undergoing an accelerated expansion period as if it were under the influence of a gravitationally repulsive “dark energy” component. Furthermore, most of the mass of the Universe seems to be in the form of non-luminous matter, the so-called “dark matter”. Together, these “dark” components, whose nature remains unknown today, represent around 96 % of the matter-energy budget of the Universe. Unraveling the true nature of the dark energy and dark matter has thus, obviously, become one of the primary goals of present-day cosmology. Weak gravitational lensing, or weak lensing for short, is the effect whereby light emitted by distant galaxies is slightly deflected by the tidal gravitational fields of intervening foreground structures. Because it only relies on the physics of gravity, weak lensing has the unique ability to probe the distribution of mass in a direct and unbiased way. This technique is at present routinely used to study the dark matter, typical applications being the mass reconstruction of galaxy clusters and the study of the properties of dark halos surrounding galaxies. Another and more recent application of weak lensing, on which we focus in this thesis, is the analysis of the cosmological lensing signal induced by large-scale structures, the so-called “cosmic shear”. This signal can be used to measure the growth of structures and the expansion history of the Universe, which makes it particularly relevant to the study of dark energy. Of all weak lensing effects, the cosmic shear is the most subtle and its detection requires the accurate analysis of the shapes of millions of distant, faint galaxies in the near infrared. So far, the main factor limiting cosmic shear measurement accuracy has been the relatively small sky areas covered. Next-generation of wide-field, multicolor surveys will, however, overcome this hurdle by covering a much larger portion of the sky with improved image quality. The resulting statistical errors will then become subdominant compared to systematic errors, the latter becoming instead the main source of uncertainty. In fact, uncovering key properties of dark energy will only be achievable if these systematics are well understood and reduced to the required level. The major sources of uncertainty resides in the shape measurement algorithm used, the convolution of the original image by the instrumental and possibly atmospheric point spread function (PSF), the pixelation effect caused by the integration of light falling on the detector pixels and the degradation caused by various sources of noise. Measuring the Cosmic shear thus entails solving the difficult inverse problem of recovering the shear signal from blurred, pixelated and noisy galaxy images while keeping errors within the limits demanded by future weak lensing surveys. Reaching this goal is not without challenges. In fact, the best available shear measurement methods would need a tenfold improvement in accuracy to match the requirements of a space mission like Euclid from ESA, scheduled at the end of this decade. Significant progress has nevertheless been made in the last few years, with substantial contributions from initiatives such as GREAT (GRavitational lEnsing Accuracy Testing) challenges. The main objective of these open competitions is to foster the development of new and more accurate shear measurement methods. We start this work with a quick overview of modern cosmology: its fundamental tenets, achievements and the challenges it faces today. We then review the theory of weak gravitational lensing and explains how it can make use of cosmic shear observations to place constraints on cosmology. The last part of this thesis focuses on the practical challenges associated with the accurate measurement of the cosmic shear. After a review of the subject we present the main contributions we have brought in this area: the development of the gfit shear measurement method, new algorithms for point spread function (PSF) interpolation and image denoising. The gfit method emerged as one of the top performers in the GREAT10 Galaxy Challenge. It essentially consists in fitting two-dimensional elliptical Sérsic light profiles to observed galaxy image in order to produce estimates for the shear power spectrum. PSF correction is automatic and an efficient shape-preserving denoising algorithm can be optionally applied prior to fitting the data. PSF interpolation is also an important issue in shear measurement because the PSF is only known at star positions while PSF correction has to be performed at any position on the sky. We have developed innovative PSF interpolation algorithms on the occasion of the GREAT10 Star Challenge, a competition dedicated to the PSF interpolation problem. Our participation was very successful since one of our interpolation method won the Star Challenge while the remaining four achieved the next highest scores of the competition. Finally we have participated in the development of a wavelet-based, shape-preserving denoising method particularly well suited to weak lensing analysis.

EPFL2013

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Cosmology intertwined: A review of the particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology associated with the cosmological tensions and anomalies

Richard Irving Anderson, Hsin-Yu Chen, Frédéric Courbin, Fabio Finelli, Mikhail Ivanov, Melissa Joseph, Suresh Kumar, Julien Lesgourgues, Florian Niedermann, Emre Ozulker

The standard Lambda Cold Dark Matter (Lambda CDM) cosmological model provides a good description of a wide range of astrophysical and cosmological data. However, there are a few big open questions that make the standard model look like an approximation to a more realistic scenario yet to be found. In this paper, we list a few important goals that need to be addressed in the next decade, taking into account the current discordances between the different cosmological probes, such as the disagreement in the value of the Hubble constant H-0, the sigma(8)-S-8 tension, and other less statistically significant anomalies. While these discordances can still be in part the result of systematic errors, their persistence after several years of accurate analysis strongly hints at cracks in the standard cosmological scenario and the necessity for new physics or generalisations beyond the standard model. In this paper, we focus on the 5.0 sigma tension between the Planck CMB estimate of the Hubble constant H-0 and the SH0ES collaboration measurements. After showing the H-0 evaluations made from different teams using different methods and geometric calibrations, we list a few interesting new physics models that could alleviate this tension and discuss how the next decade's experiments will be crucial. Moreover, we focus on the tension of the Planck CMB data with weak lensing measurements and redshift surveys, about the value of the matter energy density Omega(m), and the amplitude or rate of the growth of structure (sigma(8), f sigma(8)). We list a few interesting models proposed for alleviating this tension, and we discuss the importance of trying to fit a full array of data with a single model and not just one parameter at a time. Additionally, we present a wide range of other less discussed anomalies at a statistical significance level lower than the H-0-S-8 tensions which may also constitute hints towards new physics, and we discuss possible generic theoretical approaches that can collectively explain the non-standard nature of these signals. Finally, we give an overview of upgraded experiments and next-generation space missions and facilities on Earth that will be of crucial importance to address all these open questions. (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.

ELSEVIER2022

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, , , , , , ,

AMER PHYSICAL SOC2021

Weak Gravitational Lensing by Large-Scale Structures

Marc Gentile

EPFL2013

Cosmology intertwined: A review of the particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology associated with the cosmological tensions and anomalies

Richard Irving Anderson, Hsin-Yu Chen, Frédéric Courbin, Fabio Finelli, Mikhail Ivanov, Melissa Joseph, Suresh Kumar, Julien Lesgourgues, Florian Niedermann, Emre Ozulker

ELSEVIER2022