Marine larval ecologyMarine larval ecology is the study of the factors influencing dispersing larvae, which many marine invertebrates and fishes have. Marine animals with a larva typically release many larvae into the water column, where the larvae develop before metamorphosing into adults. Marine larvae can disperse over long distances, although determining the actual distance is challenging, because of their size and the lack of a good tracking method. Knowing dispersal distances is important for managing fisheries, effectively designing marine reserves, and controlling invasive species.
Fourrageagevignette|Une mère grizzli (Ursus arctos horribilis) et ses petits fourrageant dans le Parc national du Denali Le terme fourrageage ou fourragement, mot dérivé du verbe fourrager, désigne la recherche de nourriture dans la nature par les animaux et les êtres humains — . L'on peut aussi utiliser le terme d'approvisionnement. Le nourrissage désigne pour les animaux l'action de se nourrir ou le fait d'être nourri.
Larvethumb|Larve nageuse de l'oursin Clypeaster subdepressus. La larve est le premier stade de développement de l'individu après l'éclosion de l'œuf ou la naissance chez un grand nombre d'espèces animales ayant un développement post-embryonnaire appelé « indirect ». C'est le cas dans la plupart des embranchements, notamment chez les arthropodes (insectes, crustacés), les mollusques, les annélides et certains Chordés (urochordés, « poissons », amphibiens, marsupiaux).
IchthyoplanktonIchthyoplankton (from Greek: ἰχθύς, , "fish"; and πλαγκτός, , "drifter") are the eggs and larvae of fish. They are mostly found in the sunlit zone of the water column, less than 200 metres deep, which is sometimes called the epipelagic or photic zone. Ichthyoplankton are planktonic, meaning they cannot swim effectively under their own power, but must drift with the ocean currents. Fish eggs cannot swim at all, and are unambiguously planktonic. Early stage larvae swim poorly, but later stage larvae swim better and cease to be planktonic as they grow into juveniles.
LactaseLa lactase est une enzyme (de type disaccharidase) présente chez les mammifères et certaines bactéries. Sa fonction principale est de permettre la dissociation du lactose en glucose et galactose, ce qui autorise la digestion du lait. La lactase a pour nom scientifique complet lactase-phlorizine hydrolase et fait partie de la famille des β-galactosidases. Elle est constituée de 1927 acides aminés et son poids est de 218603 Da. Sa température optimum est de 37 °C et son pH optimum est de 6,5 (ces données peuvent varier selon les types de lactase).
UréaseL'uréase (découverte en 1876 par Musculus) est une enzyme qui catalyse la réaction de transformation de l'urée en dioxyde de carbone et ammoniac : (NH2)2CO + H2O → CO2 + 2 NH3. L'uréase est présente chez des bactéries, des levures et chez certaines plantes. Cette enzyme est un critère biochimique de différenciation très utilisé lors de l'identification bactérienne.
Crustacean larvaCrustaceans may pass through a number of larval and immature stages between hatching from their eggs and reaching their adult form. Each of the stages is separated by a moult, in which the hard exoskeleton is shed to allow the animal to grow. The larvae of crustaceans often bear little resemblance to the adult, and there are still cases where it is not known what larvae will grow into what adults. This is especially true of crustaceans which live as benthic adults (on the sea bed), more-so than where the larvae are planktonic, and thereby easily caught.
Bait ballA bait ball, or baitball, occurs when small fish swarm in a tightly packed spherical formation about a common centre. It is a last-ditch defensive measure adopted by small schooling fish when they are threatened by predators. Small schooling fish are eaten by many types of predators, and for this reason they are called bait fish or forage fish. For example, sardines group together when they are threatened. This instinctual behaviour is a defence mechanism, as lone individuals are more likely to be eaten than an individual in a large group.
InstarAn instar (ˈɪnstɑr, from the Latin īnstar 'form, likeness') is a developmental stage of arthropods, such as insects, between each moult (ecdysis), until sexual maturity is reached. Arthropods must shed the exoskeleton in order to grow or assume a new form. Differences between instars can often be seen in altered body proportions, colors, patterns, changes in the number of body segments or head width. After shedding their exoskeleton (moulting), the juvenile arthropods continue in their life cycle until they either pupate or moult again.
