HyperkinesiaHyperkinesia refers to an increase in muscular activity that can result in excessive abnormal movements, excessive normal movements, or a combination of both. Hyperkinesia is a state of excessive restlessness which is featured in a large variety of disorders that affect the ability to control motor movement, such as Huntington's disease. It is the opposite of hypokinesia, which refers to decreased bodily movement, as commonly manifested in Parkinson's disease.
Noyau pédonculopontinvignette|Noyaux du tronc cérébral impliqués dans les émotions humaines. Le noyau pédonculopontin est représenté par la zone bleue foncée, notée PPN. Le est une structure du tronc cérébral; un noyau pair, allongé et situé dans la région ventro-latérale du tegmentum pontique. Il s'étend rostralement de la région rétro-rubrale qui le sépare de la substance noire ventrale, et caudalement jusqu'au noyau parabrachial du pont. Il est bordé médialement par le pédoncule cérébelleux supérieur.
Pars reticulataThe pars reticulata (SNpr) is a portion of the substantia nigra and is located lateral to the pars compacta. Most of the neurons that project out of the pars reticulata are inhibitory GABAergic neurons (i.e., these neurons release GABA, which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter). Neurons in the pars reticulata are much less densely packed than those in the pars compacta (they were sometimes named pars diffusa). They are smaller and thinner than the dopaminergic neurons and conversely identical and morphologically similar to the pallidal neurons (see primate basal ganglia).
Brushed DC electric motorA brushed DC electric motor is an internally commutated electric motor designed to be run from a direct current power source and utilizing an electric brush for contact. Brushed motors were the first commercially important application of electric power to driving mechanical energy, and DC distribution systems were used for more than 100 years to operate motors in commercial and industrial buildings. Brushed DC motors can be varied in speed by changing the operating voltage or the strength of the magnetic field.
Ganglions de la baseLes ganglions de la base (autrement appelés noyaux gris centraux ou noyaux de la base) sont un ensemble de structures sous-corticales constitué par des noyaux pairs, interconnectés au niveau télencéphalique (hémisphères cérébraux) et diencéphalique. Leur structure peut varier selon qu'on les définit de manière anatomique ou fonctionnelle.
Cortex moteurLe cortex moteur désigne l'ensemble des aires du cortex cérébral qui participent à la planification, au contrôle et à l'exécution des mouvements volontaires des muscles du corps. D'un point de vue anatomique, le cortex moteur est situé dans la partie postérieure du lobe frontal, au niveau de la région caudale de la circonvolution frontale ascendante en avant du sillon central. Le cortex moteur est en interaction constante avec d'autres structures nerveuses impliquées dans le mouvement comme le système des ganglions de la base et le cervelet.
Electric motorAn electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of torque applied on the motor's shaft. An electric generator is mechanically identical to an electric motor, but operates with a reversed flow of power, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Neural networkA neural network can refer to a neural circuit of biological neurons (sometimes also called a biological neural network), a network of artificial neurons or nodes in the case of an artificial neural network. Artificial neural networks are used for solving artificial intelligence (AI) problems; they model connections of biological neurons as weights between nodes. A positive weight reflects an excitatory connection, while negative values mean inhibitory connections. All inputs are modified by a weight and summed.
Induction motorAn induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. An induction motor can therefore be made without electrical connections to the rotor. An induction motor's rotor can be either wound type or squirrel-cage type. Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors are widely used as industrial drives because they are self-starting, reliable, and economical.
Neuromodulation (medicine)Neuromodulation is "the alteration of nerve activity through targeted delivery of a stimulus, such as electrical stimulation or chemical agents, to specific neurological sites in the body". It is carried out to normalize – or modulate – nervous tissue function. Neuromodulation is an evolving therapy that can involve a range of electromagnetic stimuli such as a magnetic field (rTMS), an electric current, or a drug instilled directly in the subdural space (intrathecal drug delivery).
