Chromosome segregationChromosome segregation is the process in eukaryotes by which two sister chromatids formed as a consequence of DNA replication, or paired homologous chromosomes, separate from each other and migrate to opposite poles of the nucleus. This segregation process occurs during both mitosis and meiosis. Chromosome segregation also occurs in prokaryotes. However, in contrast to eukaryotic chromosome segregation, replication and segregation are not temporally separated. Instead segregation occurs progressively following replication.
Asymmetric cell divisionAn asymmetric cell division produces two daughter cells with different cellular fates. This is in contrast to symmetric cell divisions which give rise to daughter cells of equivalent fates. Notably, stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to two distinct daughter cells: one copy of the original stem cell as well as a second daughter programmed to differentiate into a non-stem cell fate. (In times of growth or regeneration, stem cells can also divide symmetrically, to produce two identical copies of the original cell.
Cellule photovoltaïqueUne cellule photovoltaïque, ou cellule solaire, est un composant électronique qui, exposé à la lumière, produit de l’électricité grâce à l’effet photovoltaïque. La puissance électrique obtenue est proportionnelle à la puissance lumineuse incidente et elle dépend du rendement de la cellule. Celle-ci délivre une tension continue et un courant la traverse dès qu'elle est connectée à une charge électrique (en général un onduleur, parfois une simple batterie électrique).
Adult stem cellAdult stem cells are undifferentiated cells, found throughout the body after development, that multiply by cell division to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues. Also known as somatic stem cells (from Greek σωματικóς, meaning of the body), they can be found in juvenile, adult animals, and humans, unlike embryonic stem cells. Scientific interest in adult stem cells is centered around two main characteristics.
Cell cycle checkpointCell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in the eukaryotic cell cycle which ensure its proper progression. Each checkpoint serves as a potential termination point along the cell cycle, during which the conditions of the cell are assessed, with progression through the various phases of the cell cycle occurring only when favorable conditions are met. There are many checkpoints in the cell cycle, but the three major ones are: the G1 checkpoint, also known as the Start or restriction checkpoint or Major Checkpoint; the G2/M checkpoint; and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, also known as the spindle checkpoint.
Facteur de croissanceEn biologie, un facteur de croissance métabolique est une substance organique nécessaire à la croissance d'un organisme ou microorganisme, à l'exclusion de la source de carbone et d'énergie, substance qu'il ne peut synthétiser ou ne peut synthétiser en quantités suffisantes. Attention, il existe aussi des facteurs de croissance utilisés dans les cultures de cellules eucaryotes qui sont le plus souvent des agents mitogènes.
Circular chromosomeA circular chromosome is a chromosome in bacteria, archaea, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, in the form of a molecule of circular DNA, unlike the linear chromosome of most eukaryotes. Most prokaryote chromosomes contain a circular DNA molecule – there are no free ends to the DNA. Free ends would otherwise create significant challenges to cells with respect to DNA replication and stability. Cells that do contain chromosomes with DNA ends, or telomeres (most eukaryotes), have acquired elaborate mechanisms to overcome these challenges.
Cell potencyCell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types. The more cell types a cell can differentiate into, the greater its potency. Potency is also described as the gene activation potential within a cell, which like a continuum, begins with totipotency to designate a cell with the most differentiation potential, pluripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, and finally unipotency. Totipotency (Lat. totipotentia, "ability for all [things]") is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism.
VidéomicroscopieTime-lapse microscopy is time-lapse photography applied to microscopy. Microscope image sequences are recorded and then viewed at a greater speed to give an accelerated view of the microscopic process. Before the introduction of the video tape recorder in the 1960s, time-lapse microscopy recordings were made on photographic film. During this period, time-lapse microscopy was referred to as microcinematography. With the increasing use of video recorders, the term time-lapse video microscopy was gradually adopted.
MycobacteriumMycobacterium, la Mycobactérie, est un genre de bactéries de la famille des Mycobacteriaceae. Ce sont des bacilles aérobies assez longs et fins, asporulés et acapsulés. Leur paroi présente une structure particulière, riche en cires (acides mycoliques) qui leur permet de retenir les colorants malgré l'action combinée d'acide dilué et d'alcool. Cette paroi leur confère une grande résistance aux antiseptiques, à certains antibiotiques, aux macrophages. Ils sont dits « bacilles acido-alcoolo-résistants » ou BAAR.
