Synchronisationthumb|Des parachutistes synchronisent leurs montres avant d'être parachutés en France dans la nuit du 5 au (Opération Tonga). La synchronisation (du grec / sun, « ensemble » et / khrónos, « temps ») est l'action de coordonner plusieurs opérations entre elles en fonction du temps. Les systèmes dont tous les éléments sont synchronisés sont dits synchrones. Certains systèmes tolèrent d'être approximativement synchronisés (quasi synchrones).
Synchronisation d'horlogesLa synchronisation d'horloges est un mécanisme permettant à deux systèmes distincts d'être synchronisés, c'est-à-dire d'avoir une différence entre leurs temps subjectifs la plus faible possible. En sciences de l'information (Informatique, télécommunications et traitement du signal), le temps est une notion omniprésente.
Precision Time ProtocolLe Precision Time Protocol (PTP) est un protocole utilisé pour synchroniser les signaux d'horloge des différents éléments d'un réseau, par exemple un réseau Ethernet. Il a été normalisé par l'Internet Engineering Task Force sous le nom d'IEEE-1588 en 2002 et a été modifié en (version 2) et en novembre 2019 (version 3). La Commission électrotechnique internationale lui donne le nom d'IEC 61588. Le PTP n'a pas vocation à déterminer un horodatage, mais à le transmettre.
Time and frequency transferTime and frequency transfer is a scheme where multiple sites share a precise reference time or frequency. The technique is commonly used for creating and distributing standard time scales such as International Atomic Time (TAI). Time transfer solves problems such as astronomical observatories correlating observed flashes or other phenomena with each other, as well as cell phone towers coordinating handoffs as a phone moves from one cell to another.
Time signalA time signal is a visible, audible, mechanical, or electronic signal used as a reference to determine the time of day. Church bells or voices announcing hours of prayer gave way to automatically operated chimes on public clocks; however, audible signals (even signal guns) have limited range. Busy seaports used a visual signal, the dropping of a ball, to allow mariners to check the chronometers used for navigation. The advent of electrical telegraphs allowed widespread and precise distribution of time signals from central observatories.
Network Time ProtocolNetwork Time Protocol (« protocole de temps réseau ») ou NTP est un protocole qui permet de synchroniser, via un réseau informatique, l'horloge locale d'ordinateurs sur une référence d'heure. La première version v. 0 de NTP, formalisée dans la RFC 958, date de . Dès le début, ce protocole fut conçu pour offrir une précision de synchronisation meilleure que la seconde. Par rapport au service « Time Protocol » qui offre un service d'heure sans proposer une infrastructure, le projet NTP propose une solution globale et universelle de synchronisation qui est utilisable dans le monde entier.
Weighted least squaresWeighted least squares (WLS), also known as weighted linear regression, is a generalization of ordinary least squares and linear regression in which knowledge of the unequal variance of observations (heteroscedasticity) is incorporated into the regression. WLS is also a specialization of generalized least squares, when all the off-diagonal entries of the covariance matrix of the errors, are null.
Generalized least squaresIn statistics, generalized least squares (GLS) is a method used to estimate the unknown parameters in a linear regression model when there is a certain degree of correlation between the residuals in the regression model. Least squares and weighted least squares may need to be more statistically efficient and prevent misleading inferences. GLS was first described by Alexander Aitken in 1935. In standard linear regression models one observes data on n statistical units.
Phasor measurement unitA phasor measurement unit (PMU) is a device used to estimate the magnitude and phase angle of an electrical phasor quantity (such as voltage or current) in the electricity grid using a common time source for synchronization. Time synchronization is usually provided by GPS or IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol, which allows synchronized real-time measurements of multiple remote points on the grid. PMUs are capable of capturing samples from a waveform in quick succession and reconstructing the phasor quantity, made up of an angle measurement and a magnitude measurement.
Non-functional requirementIn systems engineering and requirements engineering, a non-functional requirement (NFR) is a requirement that specifies criteria that can be used to judge the operation of a system, rather than specific behaviours. They are contrasted with functional requirements that define specific behavior or functions. The plan for implementing functional requirements is detailed in the system design. The plan for implementing non-functional requirements is detailed in the system architecture, because they are usually architecturally significant requirements.
