Lower East SideLe Lower East Side est un quartier de l'arrondissement de Manhattan à New York, situé le long de l'East River, entre le pont de Manhattan et la . Sa limite ouest se situe aux environs de Broadway. On appelle parfois le quartier "Loisada", déformation phonétique de la prononciation latine. Le Lower East Side, longtemps habité par une population ouvrière et défavorisée, avait autrefois mauvaise réputation.
RevenuLe revenu d'une personne ou d'un agent économique désigne « l'ensemble des droits sur les ressources disponibles qui lui sont attribués au cours d'une période donnée sans prélèvement sur son patrimoine ». Conceptuellement mais aussi concrètement, le revenu est central dans l'étude et l'appréciation de notions comme : le niveau de vie, le genre de vie, le pouvoir d'achat.
Sustainable urbanismSustainable urbanism is both the study of cities and the practices to build them (urbanism), that focuses on promoting their long term viability by reducing consumption, waste and harmful impacts on people and place while enhancing the overall well-being of both people and place. Well-being includes the physical, ecological, economic, social, health and equity factors, among others, that comprise cities and their populations.
Recherche de renteLa recherche de rente (en anglais en) consiste à favoriser la recherche d'une rente obtenue à l'aide de la manipulation ou de l'exploitation de l'environnement économique ou politique, plutôt qu'un revenu correspondant à une activité apportant un surplus de richesse pour la collectivité. Jagdish Bhagwati parle d'activité DUP (Directly Unproductive Profit-Seeking, ce qui se traduit littéralement en français par « recherche de profit directement non-productif »), c'est-à-dire issu d'une activité non directement productive.
Income distributionIn economics, income distribution covers how a country's total GDP is distributed amongst its population. Economic theory and economic policy have long seen income and its distribution as a central concern. Unequal distribution of income causes economic inequality which is a concern in almost all countries around the world. Classical economists such as Adam Smith (1723–1790), Thomas Malthus (1766–1834), and David Ricardo (1772–1823) concentrated their attention on factor income-distribution, that is, the distribution of income between the primary factors of production (land, labour and capital).
Logement social au Royaume-UniLe logement social au Royaume-Uni concerne, en 2011, 18 % du logement de logement total du Royaume-Uni, ce qui est similaire à la France. Cependant le Royaume-Uni a connu depuis les années 1970 une politique visant à réduire l'importance de son parc social et à confier de plus en plus leur gestion à des structures à but non lucratif, au lieu de collectivités locales. Si le logement social au Royaume-Uni s'est développé à partir des années 1920, il n'a vraiment pris de l'ampleur qu'à partir des années 1950.
Convex preferencesIn economics, convex preferences are an individual's ordering of various outcomes, typically with regard to the amounts of various goods consumed, with the property that, roughly speaking, "averages are better than the extremes". The concept roughly corresponds to the concept of diminishing marginal utility without requiring utility functions. Comparable to the greater-than-or-equal-to ordering relation for real numbers, the notation below can be translated as: 'is at least as good as' (in preference satisfaction).
Budget constraintIn economics, a budget constraint represents all the combinations of goods and services that a consumer may purchase given current prices within his or her given income. Consumer theory uses the concepts of a budget constraint and a preference map as tools to examine the parameters of consumer choices . Both concepts have a ready graphical representation in the two-good case. The consumer can only purchase as much as their income will allow, hence they are constrained by their budget.
Law of rentThe law of rent states that the rent of a land site is equal to the economic advantage obtained by using the site in its most productive use, relative to the advantage obtained by using marginal (i.e., the best rent-free) land for the same purpose, given the same inputs of labor and capital. The law of rent was formulated by David Ricardo around 1809, and presented in its most developed form in his magnum opus, On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. This is the origin of the term "Ricardian rent".
Preference (economics)In economics and other social sciences, preference refers to the order in which an agent ranks alternatives based on their relative utility. The process results in an "optimal choice" (whether real or theoretical). Preferences are evaluations and concern matter of value, typically in relation to practical reasoning. An individual's preferences are determined purely by a person's tastes as opposed to the good's prices, personal income, and the availability of goods. However, people are still expected to act in their best (rational) interest.
