Disease vectorIn epidemiology, a disease vector is any living agent that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen to another living organism; agents regarded as vectors are organisms, such as parasites or microbes. The first major discovery of a disease vector came from Ronald Ross in 1897, who discovered the malaria pathogen when he dissected a mosquito. Arthropods form a major group of pathogen vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks, and mites transmitting a huge number of pathogens.
Pandémievignette|La grippe de 1918, ici à Saint-Louis (Missouri, États-Unis), a causé une forte mortalité dans le monde entier. Une pandémie (du grec ancien / pãn , et / dễmos ) est une épidémie présente sur une large zone géographique internationale. Dans le sens courant, elle touche une partie particulièrement importante de la population mondiale. Les pandémies surviennent lors de déséquilibres majeurs liés à des modifications sociales et environnementales au cours de l'histoire (révolution agricole, guerres et commerce, voyages et grandes découvertes, révolution industrielle et empires coloniaux, mondialisation.
Biosafety levelA biosafety level (BSL), or pathogen/protection level, is a set of biocontainment precautions required to isolate dangerous biological agents in an enclosed laboratory facility. The levels of containment range from the lowest biosafety level 1 (BSL-1) to the highest at level 4 (BSL-4). In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have specified these levels in a publication referred to as BMBL. In the European Union, the same biosafety levels are defined in a directive.
