Upper motor neuronUpper motor neurons (UMNs) is a term introduced by William Gowers in 1886. They are found in the cerebral cortex and brainstem and carry information down to activate interneurons and lower motor neurons, which in turn directly signal muscles to contract or relax. UMNs in the cerebral cortex are the main source of voluntary movement. They are the larger pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex. There is a type of giant pyramidal cell called Betz cells and are found just below the surface of the cerebral cortex within layer V of the primary motor cortex.
Motor systemThe motor system is the set of central and peripheral structures in the nervous system that support motor functions, i.e. movement. Peripheral structures may include skeletal muscles and neural connections with muscle tissues. Central structures include cerebral cortex, brainstem, spinal cord, pyramidal system including the upper motor neurons, extrapyramidal system, cerebellum, and the lower motor neurons in the brainstem and the spinal cord. The motor system is a biological system with close ties to the muscular system and the circulatory system.
Spontaneous recoverySpontaneous recovery is a phenomenon of learning and memory that was first named and described by Ivan Pavlov in his studies of classical (Pavlovian) conditioning. In that context, it refers to the re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay. Such a recovery of "lost" behaviors can be observed within a variety of domains, and the recovery of lost human memories is often of particular interest. For a mathematical model for spontaneous recovery see Further Reading.
Serial-position effectSerial-position effect is the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst. The term was coined by Hermann Ebbinghaus through studies he performed on himself, and refers to the finding that recall accuracy varies as a function of an item's position within a study list. When asked to recall a list of items in any order (free recall), people tend to begin recall with the end of the list, recalling those items best (the recency effect).
Cognitive inhibitionCognitive inhibition refers to the mind's ability to tune out stimuli that are irrelevant to the task/process at hand or to the mind's current state. Cognitive inhibition can be done either in whole or in part, intentionally or otherwise. Cognitive inhibition in particular can be observed in many instances throughout specific areas of cognitive science. The early models of what would become the study and concept of cognitive inhibition were developed by Sigmund Freud.
PsycholinguistiqueLa psycholinguistique est un domaine d'étude scientifique interdisciplinaire, auquel collaborent psychologues expérimentaux et linguistes théoriques qui désirent comprendre la nature fondamentale du langage. Elle s’intéresse aux processus cognitifs mis en œuvre dans le traitement et la production du langage. Fondée dans les années 1950, elle fait appel à de nombreuses disciplines, telles la linguistique, la neurologie et la neurobiologie, la psychologie et les sciences cognitives.
BioélectromagnétismeLe est la production de champs électriques, magnétiques ou électromagnétiques par les cellules, les tissus ou les organismes vivants. Le potentiel de membrane des cellules et les potentiels d'action propagés par les fibres nerveuses sont des exemples du bioélectromagnétisme. Les cellules des organismes vivants font usage de la bioélectricité pour stocker de l'énergie issue du métabolisme, pour produire un travail ou pour transmettre des signaux à d'autres cellules.
