Investigating Novel Optical Fibres for More Advanced Distributed Optical Fibre Sensing

The ever-growing need for distributed optical fibre sensors (DOFS) in numerous fields and applications demands continuous research towards the advancement of the existing sensing systems. The convenience in the field of DOFS lies in the several degrees of freedom that it offers, such as the scattering mechanism, the interrogation technique, the medium for propagation, and the sensing fibre itself. Even though a vast amount of research is oriented towards the fabrication of novel fibres, in many cases the real benefit of such fibres is not really exploited. Therefore, in this thesis, we use and characterise multiple novel optical fibres with the aim of harnessing their full potential by understanding their ultimate strengths and limitations. To that effect, we perform efficient distributed optical fibre sensing by investigating different scattering mechanisms in different scattering media by means of several interrogation techniques. The thesis is divided into two groups of chapters depending on the type of scattering mechanism and medium. In the first group of chapters, we work on the investigation of the most prominent scattering mechanism in silica-core single-mode optical fibres (SMFs), namely Rayleigh scattering. We interrogate a novel reflection-enhanced fibre (REF) based on fibre Bragg gratings using one of the most widely-utilised interrogation techniques for Rayleigh scattering, which is phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (f-OTDR). So far, no theoretical expression has been presented to relate the most crucial parameters of Rayleigh-based sensing systems. We, therefore, develop a model, as a figure-of-merit for Rayleigh-based systems, addressing this concern, and we confirm it with experimental results. By performing a distributed temperature measurement as a form of comparison between the REF and an SMF, we yield a 6× lower experimental uncertainty for the REF when compared to the SMF, and this lower uncertainty is directly attributed to the 6× higher signal-to-noise ratio that the REF offers. The model as well as the guidelines for utilising REFs to maximum effect will aid the scientific community in better understanding Rayleigh-based sensing systems and employing them more efficiently.The focus then shifts to the most prominent scattering mechanism in a gaseous medium of high density (at 1 atm for instance), namely Brillouin scattering. The analysis is carried out using several novel hollow-core optical fibres particularly anti-resonant fibres (HC-ARFs) which we fill with gas. We demonstrate for the first time to the best of our knowledge a Brillouin gain measurement in gas-filled HC-ARFs and highlight the square dependence of the Brillouin gain on the gas pressure. We perform a comparison between three hollow-core fibres of different dimensions which we fill with two different gases, and we indicate the trade-offs in terms of Brillouin gain coefficients, gas filling times as well as gas pressure limitations. Additionally, we conduct for the first time to our knowledge a distributed temperature measurement using a gas-filled hollow-core conjoined-tube anti-resonant fibre (HC-CAF) and show a higher sensitivity to temperature change which is about 2× greater than the sensitivity of conventional silica fibres. The results indicate the great potential of gas-filled hollow-core fibres and pave the way for researchers to employ them as promising candidates for lasing,sensing and imaging applications.