Instruction set architectureIn computer science, an instruction set architecture (ISA), also called computer architecture, is an abstract model of a computer. A device that executes instructions described by that ISA, such as a central processing unit (CPU), is called an implementation. In general, an ISA defines the supported instructions, data types, registers, the hardware support for managing main memory, fundamental features (such as the memory consistency, addressing modes, virtual memory), and the input/output model of a family of implementations of the ISA.
Contrôleur mémoireThe memory controller is a digital circuit that manages the flow of data going to and from the computer's main memory. A memory controller can be a separate chip or integrated into another chip, such as being placed on the same die or as an integral part of a microprocessor; in the latter case, it is usually called an integrated memory controller (IMC). A memory controller is sometimes also called a memory chip controller (MCC) or a memory controller unit (MCU).
Memory coherenceMemory coherence is an issue that affects the design of computer systems in which two or more processors or cores share a common area of memory. In a uniprocessor system (whereby, in today's terms, there exists only one core), there is only one processing element doing all the work and therefore only one processing element that can read or write from/to a given memory location. As a result, when a value is changed, all subsequent read operations of the corresponding memory location will see the updated value, even if it is cached.
Signoff (electronic design automation)In the automated design of integrated circuits, signoff (also written as sign-off) checks is the collective name given to a series of verification steps that the design must pass before it can be taped out. This implies an iterative process involving incremental fixes across the board using one or more check types, and then retesting the design. There are two types of sign-off's: front-end sign-off and back-end sign-off. After back-end sign-off, the chip goes to fabrication.
Athlon 64 X2L'Athlon 64 X2 correspond à la série de microprocesseur à double cœur proposée par AMD à la suite de l'évolution de la compétition à la performance qui se détourne de la course à la fréquence pour entamer celle du multi-threading. À partir de la seconde génération de la série Brisbane, les microprocesseurs dual-core portent désormais le nom de Athlon X2. Lancé en avril - mai 2005, AMD a choisi une politique radicalement différente de celle de son concurrent Intel, qui a choisi de réunir sur un même die deux cœurs Prescott pour concevoir ses Pentium D.
History of computingThe history of computing is longer than the history of computing hardware and modern computing technology and includes the history of methods intended for pen and paper or for chalk and slate, with or without the aid of tables. Digital computing is intimately tied to the representation of numbers. But long before abstractions like the number arose, there were mathematical concepts to serve the purposes of civilization. These concepts are implicit in concrete practices such as: One-to-one correspondence, a rule to count how many items, e.
Unité de mesure en informatiqueLes unités de mesure suivantes sont utilisées en informatique pour quantifier la taille de la mémoire d'un dispositif numérique (ordinateur, Baladeur numérique), l'espace utilisable sur un disque dur, une clé USB, la taille d'un fichier, d'un répertoire ou autre.
