Stress–strain analysisStress–strain analysis (or stress analysis) is an engineering discipline that uses many methods to determine the stresses and strains in materials and structures subjected to forces. In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other, while strain is the measure of the deformation of the material. In simple terms we can define stress as the force of resistance per unit area, offered by a body against deformation.
Bending momentIn solid mechanics, a bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external force or moment is applied to the element, causing the element to bend. The most common or simplest structural element subjected to bending moments is the beam. The diagram shows a beam which is simply supported (free to rotate and therefore lacking bending moments) at both ends; the ends can only react to the shear loads. Other beams can have both ends fixed (known as encastre beam); therefore each end support has both bending moments and shear reaction loads.
PeeningIn metallurgy, peening is the process of working a metal's surface to improve its material properties, usually by mechanical means, such as hammer blows, by blasting with shot (shot peening), focusing light (laser peening), or in recent years, with water column impacts (water jet peening) and cavitation jets (cavitation peening). With the notable exception of laser peening, peening is normally a cold work process tending to expand the surface of the cold metal, thus inducing compressive stresses or relieving tensile stresses already present.
Reaction (physics)As described by the third of Newton's laws of motion of classical mechanics, all forces occur in pairs such that if one object exerts a force on another object, then the second object exerts an equal and opposite reaction force on the first. The third law is also more generally stated as: "To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction: or the mutual actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal, and directed to contrary parts." The attribution of which of the two forces is the action and which is the reaction is arbitrary.
Pétition de principeUne pétition de principe (en latin scolastique petitio principii) est, en logique, un raisonnement fallacieux dans lequel on suppose dans les prémisses de la proposition ce qu'on doit prouver. Le locuteur utilise ainsi, comme un élément de son argumentation, la conclusion à laquelle il souhaite aboutir. Dès lors, la conclusion de la pétition de principe se confond avec tout ou partie des prémisses. L'argument circulaire est une pétition de principe particulière.
SyllogismeEn logique, le syllogisme est un raisonnement logique mettant en relation au moins trois propositions : deux ou plus d'entre elles, appelées « prémisses », conduisent à une « conclusion ». Aristote a été le premier à le formaliser dans son Organon. Ces propositions sont généralement exprimées avec uniquement des prédicats unaires et relèvent donc de la logique monadique du premier ordre.
