Publication

Biodiesel from Bark and Black Liquor-A Techno-Economic, Social, and Environmental Assessment

Julia Granacher
2024
Article
Résumé

A techno-economic assessment and environmental and social sustainability assessments of novel Fischer-Tropsch (FT) biodiesel production from the wet and dry gasification of biomass-based residue streams (bark and black liquor from pulp production) for transport applications are presented. A typical French kraft pulp mill serves as the reference case and large-scale biofuel-production-process integration is explored. Relatively low greenhouse gas emission levels can be obtained for the FT biodiesel (total span: 16-83 g CO2eq/MJ in the assessed EU countries). Actual process configuration and low-carbon electricity are critical for overall performance. The site-specific social assessment indicates an overall positive social effect for local community, value chain actors, and society. Important social aspects include (i) job creation potential, (ii) economic development through job creation and new business opportunities, and (iii) health and safety for workers. For social risks, the country of implementation is important. Heat and electricity use are the key contributors to social impacts. The estimated production cost for biobased crude oil is about 13 euro/GJ, and it is 14 euro/GJ (0.47 euro/L or 50 euro/MWh) for the FT biodiesel. However, there are uncertainties, i.e., due to the low technology readiness level of the gasification technologies, especially wet gasification. However, the studied concept may provide substantial GHG reduction compared to fossil diesel at a relatively low cost.

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Concepts associés (39)
Gazéification
La gazéification est un processus à la frontière entre la pyrolyse et la combustion. Celui-ci permet de convertir des matières carbonées ou organiques en un gaz de synthèse combustible (souvent appelé « syngas » ou « syngaz »), composé majoritairement de monoxyde de carbone (CO) et de dihydrogène (H2), contrairement à la combustion dont les produits majoritaires sont le dioxyde de carbone () et l'eau (H2O).
Cycle combiné à gazéification intégrée
Une centrale électrique à cycle combiné à gazéification intégrée (CCGI) peut utiliser des carburants solides tels que le charbon. Ce type de centrale se caractérise par une opération de gazéification, qui convertit la matière première en un gaz combustible (gaz de synthèse) qui alimente une centrale électrique à cycle combiné. Le combustible est d’abord réduit en grains, puis injecté dans un gazéificateur, en présence d’oxygène et de vapeur d’eau. L’oxygène n’est pas assez abondant pour permettre une combustion complète.
Greenhouse gas emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions (abbreviated as GHG emissions) from human activities strengthen the greenhouse effect, contributing to climate change. Carbon dioxide (), from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, is one of the most important factors in causing climate change. The largest emitters are China followed by the US, although the United States has higher emissions per capita. The main producers fueling the emissions globally are large oil and gas companies.
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